Kelloggs and Fluoride
EXCERPT:
KELLOGG'S
The company which has supplied the funding for the mass salt fluoridation programs in Latin America is Kellogg’s, through the Kellogg Foundation.
In the 1980s it helped implement universal salt fluoridation in Costa Rica and Peru.
In 1996 it supplied a multi-year grant worth $750,000 to start mass salt fluoridation programs which were then carried out by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), covering 350 million people in Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama and Venezuela.
The project was part of a multi-year plan launched by PAHO in 1994 to “fluoridate the entire Region of the Americas”.
William J. Clinton Foundation -Kellogg Foundation
EXCERPT:
About the Partnership for a Healthier America
The Partnership for a Healthier America is an independent, nonpartisan organization working to mobilize broad-based support for efforts addressing the child obesity challenge. The W.K. Kellogg Foundation is a founding partner alongside many of its long-term philanthropic collaborators including The California Endowment, Kaiser Permanente, Nemours, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the Alliance for a Healthier Generation, which is a partnership of the American Heart Association and the
William J. Clinton Foundation. For more information about the Partnership, visit www.aHealthierAmerica.org.
Wednesday, June 30, 2010
Tuesday, June 29, 2010
List of recalls
EXCERPT:
Latest NewsSubway faces another lawsuit from Salmonella victim
June 23, 2010
Illinois woman contracted Salmonella from oven-roasted chicken
Group threatens lawsuit against McDonald's Happy Meals
June 22, 2010
McDonald's must remove toys from kids' meals, or face lawsuit
EXCERPT:
Latest NewsSubway faces another lawsuit from Salmonella victim
June 23, 2010
Illinois woman contracted Salmonella from oven-roasted chicken
Group threatens lawsuit against McDonald's Happy Meals
June 22, 2010
McDonald's must remove toys from kids' meals, or face lawsuit
Atlanta CBS 'Is Fluoride Necessary?' video
fluoridealert.com
How stuffs work
Is Tooth Whitening Safe?
Most studies confirm that tooth whitening is safe and effective. Whitening gels that contain 10 percent carbamide peroxide (equivalent to 3.6 percent hydrogen peroxide) have not been shown to cause any damage to the enamel of the tooth. Higher concentrations of carbamide and hydrogen peroxide available from the dentist may weaken the enamel, but most of these formulas also contain fluoride offsetting this potential side-effect. People who use higher concentrations of whitening agents can also receive prescription fluoride gels from their dentist to help further protect their teeth.
If tooth sensitivity or gum irritation occur, it is best to start using the whitening product less frequently -- say, every other day instead of every day -- and reduce the amount of time spent whitening. Prescription fluoride is also used to treat sensitivity sometimes associated with tooth whitening. Irritation of the gums can occur from either the in-office, at-home or over-the-counter tooth whitening systems. Gum irritation is usually mild and reversible, but can be treated with over-the-counter products such as Orajel.
Alloxan and streptozotocin are widely used to induce experimental diabetes in animals
EXCERPT:
The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in B cells of the rat pancreas.
Szkudelski T.
Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Poznan, Poland.
Abstract
Alloxan and streptozotocin are widely used to induce experimental diabetes in animals. The mechanism of their action in B cells of the pancreas has been intensively investigated and now is quite well understood. The cytotoxic action of both these diabetogenic agents is mediated by reactive oxygen species, however, the source of their generation is different in the case of alloxan and streptozotocin. Alloxan and the product of its reduction, dialuric acid, establish a redox cycle with the formation of superoxide radicals. These radicals undergo dismutation to hydrogen peroxide. Thereafter highly reactive hydroxyl radicals are formed by the Fenton reaction. The action of reactive oxygen species with a simultaneous massive increase in cytosolic calcium concentration causes rapid destruction of B cells. Streptozotocin enters the B cell via a glucose transporter (GLUT2) and causes alkylation of DNA. DNA damage induces activation of poly ADP-ribosylation, a process that is more important for the diabetogenicity of streptozotocin than DNA damage itself. Poly ADP-ribosylation leads to depletion of cellular NAD+ and ATP. Enhanced ATP dephosphorylation after streptozotocin treatment supplies a substrate for xanthine oxidase resulting in the formation of superoxide radicals. Consequently, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals are also generated. Furthermore, streptozotocin liberates toxic amounts of nitric oxide that inhibits aconitase activity and participates in DNA damage. As a result of the streptozotocin action, B cells undergo the destruction by necrosis.
fluoridealert.com
How stuffs work
Is Tooth Whitening Safe?
Most studies confirm that tooth whitening is safe and effective. Whitening gels that contain 10 percent carbamide peroxide (equivalent to 3.6 percent hydrogen peroxide) have not been shown to cause any damage to the enamel of the tooth. Higher concentrations of carbamide and hydrogen peroxide available from the dentist may weaken the enamel, but most of these formulas also contain fluoride offsetting this potential side-effect. People who use higher concentrations of whitening agents can also receive prescription fluoride gels from their dentist to help further protect their teeth.
If tooth sensitivity or gum irritation occur, it is best to start using the whitening product less frequently -- say, every other day instead of every day -- and reduce the amount of time spent whitening. Prescription fluoride is also used to treat sensitivity sometimes associated with tooth whitening. Irritation of the gums can occur from either the in-office, at-home or over-the-counter tooth whitening systems. Gum irritation is usually mild and reversible, but can be treated with over-the-counter products such as Orajel.
Alloxan and streptozotocin are widely used to induce experimental diabetes in animals
EXCERPT:
The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in B cells of the rat pancreas.
Szkudelski T.
Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Poznan, Poland.
Abstract
Alloxan and streptozotocin are widely used to induce experimental diabetes in animals. The mechanism of their action in B cells of the pancreas has been intensively investigated and now is quite well understood. The cytotoxic action of both these diabetogenic agents is mediated by reactive oxygen species, however, the source of their generation is different in the case of alloxan and streptozotocin. Alloxan and the product of its reduction, dialuric acid, establish a redox cycle with the formation of superoxide radicals. These radicals undergo dismutation to hydrogen peroxide. Thereafter highly reactive hydroxyl radicals are formed by the Fenton reaction. The action of reactive oxygen species with a simultaneous massive increase in cytosolic calcium concentration causes rapid destruction of B cells. Streptozotocin enters the B cell via a glucose transporter (GLUT2) and causes alkylation of DNA. DNA damage induces activation of poly ADP-ribosylation, a process that is more important for the diabetogenicity of streptozotocin than DNA damage itself. Poly ADP-ribosylation leads to depletion of cellular NAD+ and ATP. Enhanced ATP dephosphorylation after streptozotocin treatment supplies a substrate for xanthine oxidase resulting in the formation of superoxide radicals. Consequently, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals are also generated. Furthermore, streptozotocin liberates toxic amounts of nitric oxide that inhibits aconitase activity and participates in DNA damage. As a result of the streptozotocin action, B cells undergo the destruction by necrosis.
Bill Clinton, "How Dare You" youtube
July 31, 2006 WTC lung loss
EXCERPT:
By Liz Szabo, USA TODAY
Working amid the rubble of the World Trade Center may have aged the lungs of firefighters and rescue workers by an average of 12 years, a new study shows.
"It's pretty shocking," says John Balmes, a professor of medicine at the University of California at San Francisco who reviewed the research, published today in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, but was not involved in writing it. "They got 12 years' worth of loss in one year."
Doctors have closely monitored the health of workers exposed to dust from the towers' collapse.
In other words, what the hell did the blown up towers (asbestos filled) do to the people of New York?
EXCERPT:
Mutat Res. 2004 Mar 14;558(1-2):81-92.
Effects of asbestos on initiation of DNA damage, induction of DNA-strand breaks, P53-expression and apoptosis in primary, SV40-transformed and malignant human mesothelial cells.
Burmeister B, Schwerdtle T, Poser I, Hoffmann E, Hartwig A, Müller WU, Rettenmeier AW, Seemayer NH, Dopp E.
Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
Abstract
Human mesothelial cells (HMC), the progenitor cells of asbestos-induced mesothelioma, are particularly sensitive to the genotoxic effects of asbestos, although the molecular mechanisms by which asbestos induces injury in HMC are not well known. The high susceptibility of HMC to simian virus 40 (SV40)-mediated transformation is assumed to play a causative role in the pathogenesis of mesothelioma. The aim of this study was to investigate the asbestos-induced DNA damage in cultured HMC and SV40-transformed HMC (MeT-5A) compared with their malignant counterparts, i.e. human mesothelioma cells (MSTO). The time-dependent initiation of DNA-strand breaks as well as the induction of oxidative DNA base modifications were key factors for investigation. HMC, MeT-5A and MSTO cells were exposed to chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos (3 microg/cm2) during different time periods (1-72 h). DNA damage was investigated by use of the Comet assay and alkaline unwinding, the latter in combination with the Fpg protein. The P53 level was analyzed by immunofluorescence, and measurement of apoptosis was conducted by flow cytometry. We found a significant induction of DNA damage in asbestos-treated HMC already after an exposure time of 1.5 h. This effect could not be observed in treated MeT-5A and MSTO cells. Also, a time-dependent significant increase in DNA-strand breaks was observed by alkaline unwinding in asbestos-treated HMC, but not in treated MeT-5A and MSTO cells. In none of the three cell lines we could detect oxidative DNA damage recognized by the Fpg protein (e.g. 8-oxo-guanine), up to 24 h after exposure to asbestos. In contrast to what was found in HMC, P53 was over-expressed in untreated MeT-5A and MSTO. The induction of apoptosis by asbestos fibers was suppressed in MeT-5A and MSTO cells. Crocidolite fibers induced the higher genotoxic effects and chrysotile the more pronounced apoptotic effects. We conclude that asbestos induces DNA damage in HMC already after a very short exposure time in the absence of 8-oxo-guanine formation. The presence of SV40-Tag in MeT-5A and MSTO cells results in an increased expression of P53, but not in additive genotoxic effects after exposure to asbestos. The deregulation of the apoptotic pathway may lead to proliferation of genomically damaged cells and finally to the development of mesothelioma.
Science Daily
EXCERPT:
Being able to sequence a human genome for $1,000 or less (which is the price most insurance companies are willing to pay) could open a new era in personal medicine, making it possible to precisely diagnose the cause of many diseases and tailor drugs and treatment procedures to the genetic make-up of an individual.
"Despite the tremendous interest in using nanopores for sequencing DNA, it was unclear how, exactly, nanopores could be used to read the DNA sequence," said U. of I. physics professor Aleksei Aksimentiev. "We now describe one such method."
Aksimentiev and collaborators describe the method in a paper accepted for publication in the journal Nano Letters, and posted on the journal's Web site.
Depleted Uranium, Mercury and Diabetes
EXCERPT:
DNA and Mitochondrial Time Bombs: Uranium, Mercury and Diabetes
By Mark Sircus
Forget Cancer, forget AIDS, Diabetes is fast becoming the king of all chronic disease which is decimating the human race.
The Centers of Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta declares that 33% of the babies born this year will be diabetic by the year 2050. — Dr. Alan Cantwell
Diabetes, which is expanding almost exponentially in the world today, can in part be traced to the increasing radiation to which we are all being exposed. Every physician knows that radiation can lead to cancer, but making a connection between depleted uranium (DU) and diabetes seems ludicrous at first glance. Unfortunately it is not. Most medical doctors have never heard of this but neither have they paid attention to the fact that mercury and other toxic chemicals are also primary causes of diabetes. Even though there is little research into the connection between radiation poisoning and diabetes we should not remain blind, deaf and dumb about it.
Diabetes is a disease that affects a person’s every cell because it has to do with energy metabolism and the vastly important hormone insulin and its receptor sites.
Type two diabetes, which is fundamentally due to nutritional deficiencies (especially a lack of magnesium) colliding head on with a host of chemical poisons and heavy metals, is also being triggered by the heavy metal toxicity and radioactivity of uranium oxide and other radioactive isotopes that are circulating widely in the environment. Unfortunately, exposure levels are increasing dramatically with each ton of vaporized depleted uranium but that is not stopping the American and British governments from manufacturing, selling and using depleted uranium weaponry.
“Depleted (DU) uranium is highly toxic to humans, both chemically as a heavy metal and radiological as an alpha particle emitter, is very dangerous when taken internally,” writes Dr. Rosalie Bertell, Canadian Epidemiologist.i A new study, conducted by biochemist Dr. Diane Stearns at Northern Arizona University confirms that, separate from any radiation risks, cells exposed to uranium will bond with the metal chemically.ii Uranium and phosphate have a strong chemical affinity for each other and the DNA and Mitochondria are loaded with phosphate so uranium is a DNA and Mitochondria deep penetration bomb. The uranium is attacking on fundamental cellular levels while mercury offers a knock out punch by attacking the sulfur bonds besides being highly toxic to nerve cells. It’s totally crucial to medical practice in the 21st century to understand this convergence of toxicities. We can now clearly see what is being attacked and who are mortal enemies are. Invisible clouds of radiation are meeting up with what can only be called The Hun Hordes of Mercury. Mercury now sits across our planetary environment everywhere, an invisible chemical cloud whose density is only increasing.
Diabetes is often conceptualized as a severe imbalance of part of the endocrine system that destroys our ability to metabolize food. The imbalance results in elevated levels of insulin, a lack of insulin, or the cell insulin receptor sites becoming insensitive to insulin.
Fluoride and DNA damage
EXCERPT:
PO Box 2345, Beijing 100023, China World J Gastroenterol
2006 February 21; 12(7):1144-1148
www.wjgnet.com World Journal of Gastroenterology ISSN 1007-9327
wjg@wjgnet.com © 2006 The WJG Press. All rights reserved.
RAPID COMMUNICATION
DNA damage, apoptosis and cell cycle changes induced by
fluoride in rat oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes
Ling-Fei He, Jian-Gang Chen www.wjgnet.com
Ling-Fei He, Jian-Gang Chen,
Department of Dental Medicine,
Zhongnan Hospital,
Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei
Province, China
Correspondence to: Ling-Fei,
Department of Dental Medicine,
Zhongnan Hospital,
Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071,
Hubei
Province, China.
helingfei.wh@163.com
Telephone: +86-27-67813132 Fax: +86-27-86819342
Received: 2005-08-02 Accepted:2005-12-31
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of fluoride on oxidative stress, DNA damage
and apoptosis as well as cell cycle of ratoral mucosal cells and hepatocytes.
METHODS: Ten male SD rats weighing 80~120 g were randomly divided into control group and fluoride group, 5 animals each group. The animals in fluoride group had
free access to deionized water containing 150 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF). The animals in control group were given distilled water.
Four weeks later, the animals were killed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in oral mucosa and liver were measured by Fenton reaction, lipid peroxidation
product, malondialdehyde (MDA), was detected by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction, reduced glutathione (GSH) was assayed by dithionitrobenzoic acid (DTNB)
reaction. DNA damage in oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes was determined by single cell gel (SCG) electrophoresis or comet assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle in oral
mucosal cells and hepatocytes were detected by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: The contents of ROS and MDA in oral mucosa and liver tissue of fluoride group were significantly higher than those of control group ( P < 0.01), but the level of GSH was markedly decreased (P < 0.01). The contents of ROS, MDA and GSH were (134.73 ± 12.63) U/mg protein, (1.48 ± 0.13) mmol/mg protein and (76.38 ± 6.71) mmol/mg protein in oral mucosa respectively, and (143.45 ± 11.76) U/mg protein, (1.44 ± 0.12) mmol/mg protein and (78.83 ± 7.72) mmol/mg protein in liver tissue respectively.
The DNA damage rate in fluoride group was 50.20% in oral mucosal cells and 44.80% in hepatocytes, higher than those in the control group ( P < 0.01). The apoptosis
rate in oral mucosal cells was (13.63 ± 1.81) % in fluoride group, and (12.76 ± 1.67) % in hepatocytes, higher than those in control group. Excess fl uoride could
differently lower the number of oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes at G0/G1 and S G2/M phases ( P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Excess fluoride can induce oxidative stress and DNA damage and lead to apoptosis and cell cycle change in rat oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes.
© 2006 The WJG Press. All rights reserved.
Key words: Fluoride; Oxidative stress; DNA damage; Apoptosis; Cell cycle
He LF, Chen JG. DNA damage, apoptosis and cell cycle changes induced by fl uoride in rat oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes. World J Gastroenterol; 2006; 12(7):1144-1148 http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/12/1144.asp
INTRODUCTION
Fluoride is an essential trace element for human beings and animals.
Fluoride can prevent caries and enamel fluorosis. Caries is the demineralization of the enamel by acids produced by plaque bacteria, leading to cavitation.
Enamel fluorosis is a subsurface hypomineralization of the dental enamel caused by chronic ingestion of high fluoride concentration while the dentition is forming[1].
Other manifestations of fluoride toxic effects include skeletal fluorosis and damage to kidney, liver, parathyroid glands and brain[2-4]. Lipid peroxidation is implicated as an important mechanism of fluorosis. A close association between fluoride toxicity and oxidative stress has been reported in human beings[5], experimental animals[3] and cultured cells [2]. Studies have shown that excess fl uoride can cause DNA damage, trigger apoptosis and change cell cycle[2, 6].Wu M
July 31, 2006 WTC lung loss
EXCERPT:
By Liz Szabo, USA TODAY
Working amid the rubble of the World Trade Center may have aged the lungs of firefighters and rescue workers by an average of 12 years, a new study shows.
"It's pretty shocking," says John Balmes, a professor of medicine at the University of California at San Francisco who reviewed the research, published today in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, but was not involved in writing it. "They got 12 years' worth of loss in one year."
Doctors have closely monitored the health of workers exposed to dust from the towers' collapse.
In other words, what the hell did the blown up towers (asbestos filled) do to the people of New York?
EXCERPT:
Mutat Res. 2004 Mar 14;558(1-2):81-92.
Effects of asbestos on initiation of DNA damage, induction of DNA-strand breaks, P53-expression and apoptosis in primary, SV40-transformed and malignant human mesothelial cells.
Burmeister B, Schwerdtle T, Poser I, Hoffmann E, Hartwig A, Müller WU, Rettenmeier AW, Seemayer NH, Dopp E.
Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
Abstract
Human mesothelial cells (HMC), the progenitor cells of asbestos-induced mesothelioma, are particularly sensitive to the genotoxic effects of asbestos, although the molecular mechanisms by which asbestos induces injury in HMC are not well known. The high susceptibility of HMC to simian virus 40 (SV40)-mediated transformation is assumed to play a causative role in the pathogenesis of mesothelioma. The aim of this study was to investigate the asbestos-induced DNA damage in cultured HMC and SV40-transformed HMC (MeT-5A) compared with their malignant counterparts, i.e. human mesothelioma cells (MSTO). The time-dependent initiation of DNA-strand breaks as well as the induction of oxidative DNA base modifications were key factors for investigation. HMC, MeT-5A and MSTO cells were exposed to chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos (3 microg/cm2) during different time periods (1-72 h). DNA damage was investigated by use of the Comet assay and alkaline unwinding, the latter in combination with the Fpg protein. The P53 level was analyzed by immunofluorescence, and measurement of apoptosis was conducted by flow cytometry. We found a significant induction of DNA damage in asbestos-treated HMC already after an exposure time of 1.5 h. This effect could not be observed in treated MeT-5A and MSTO cells. Also, a time-dependent significant increase in DNA-strand breaks was observed by alkaline unwinding in asbestos-treated HMC, but not in treated MeT-5A and MSTO cells. In none of the three cell lines we could detect oxidative DNA damage recognized by the Fpg protein (e.g. 8-oxo-guanine), up to 24 h after exposure to asbestos. In contrast to what was found in HMC, P53 was over-expressed in untreated MeT-5A and MSTO. The induction of apoptosis by asbestos fibers was suppressed in MeT-5A and MSTO cells. Crocidolite fibers induced the higher genotoxic effects and chrysotile the more pronounced apoptotic effects. We conclude that asbestos induces DNA damage in HMC already after a very short exposure time in the absence of 8-oxo-guanine formation. The presence of SV40-Tag in MeT-5A and MSTO cells results in an increased expression of P53, but not in additive genotoxic effects after exposure to asbestos. The deregulation of the apoptotic pathway may lead to proliferation of genomically damaged cells and finally to the development of mesothelioma.
Science Daily
EXCERPT:
Being able to sequence a human genome for $1,000 or less (which is the price most insurance companies are willing to pay) could open a new era in personal medicine, making it possible to precisely diagnose the cause of many diseases and tailor drugs and treatment procedures to the genetic make-up of an individual.
"Despite the tremendous interest in using nanopores for sequencing DNA, it was unclear how, exactly, nanopores could be used to read the DNA sequence," said U. of I. physics professor Aleksei Aksimentiev. "We now describe one such method."
Aksimentiev and collaborators describe the method in a paper accepted for publication in the journal Nano Letters, and posted on the journal's Web site.
Depleted Uranium, Mercury and Diabetes
EXCERPT:
DNA and Mitochondrial Time Bombs: Uranium, Mercury and Diabetes
By Mark Sircus
Forget Cancer, forget AIDS, Diabetes is fast becoming the king of all chronic disease which is decimating the human race.
The Centers of Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta declares that 33% of the babies born this year will be diabetic by the year 2050. — Dr. Alan Cantwell
Diabetes, which is expanding almost exponentially in the world today, can in part be traced to the increasing radiation to which we are all being exposed. Every physician knows that radiation can lead to cancer, but making a connection between depleted uranium (DU) and diabetes seems ludicrous at first glance. Unfortunately it is not. Most medical doctors have never heard of this but neither have they paid attention to the fact that mercury and other toxic chemicals are also primary causes of diabetes. Even though there is little research into the connection between radiation poisoning and diabetes we should not remain blind, deaf and dumb about it.
Diabetes is a disease that affects a person’s every cell because it has to do with energy metabolism and the vastly important hormone insulin and its receptor sites.
Type two diabetes, which is fundamentally due to nutritional deficiencies (especially a lack of magnesium) colliding head on with a host of chemical poisons and heavy metals, is also being triggered by the heavy metal toxicity and radioactivity of uranium oxide and other radioactive isotopes that are circulating widely in the environment. Unfortunately, exposure levels are increasing dramatically with each ton of vaporized depleted uranium but that is not stopping the American and British governments from manufacturing, selling and using depleted uranium weaponry.
“Depleted (DU) uranium is highly toxic to humans, both chemically as a heavy metal and radiological as an alpha particle emitter, is very dangerous when taken internally,” writes Dr. Rosalie Bertell, Canadian Epidemiologist.i A new study, conducted by biochemist Dr. Diane Stearns at Northern Arizona University confirms that, separate from any radiation risks, cells exposed to uranium will bond with the metal chemically.ii Uranium and phosphate have a strong chemical affinity for each other and the DNA and Mitochondria are loaded with phosphate so uranium is a DNA and Mitochondria deep penetration bomb. The uranium is attacking on fundamental cellular levels while mercury offers a knock out punch by attacking the sulfur bonds besides being highly toxic to nerve cells. It’s totally crucial to medical practice in the 21st century to understand this convergence of toxicities. We can now clearly see what is being attacked and who are mortal enemies are. Invisible clouds of radiation are meeting up with what can only be called The Hun Hordes of Mercury. Mercury now sits across our planetary environment everywhere, an invisible chemical cloud whose density is only increasing.
Diabetes is often conceptualized as a severe imbalance of part of the endocrine system that destroys our ability to metabolize food. The imbalance results in elevated levels of insulin, a lack of insulin, or the cell insulin receptor sites becoming insensitive to insulin.
Fluoride and DNA damage
EXCERPT:
PO Box 2345, Beijing 100023, China World J Gastroenterol
2006 February 21; 12(7):1144-1148
www.wjgnet.com World Journal of Gastroenterology ISSN 1007-9327
wjg@wjgnet.com © 2006 The WJG Press. All rights reserved.
RAPID COMMUNICATION
DNA damage, apoptosis and cell cycle changes induced by
fluoride in rat oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes
Ling-Fei He, Jian-Gang Chen www.wjgnet.com
Ling-Fei He, Jian-Gang Chen,
Department of Dental Medicine,
Zhongnan Hospital,
Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei
Province, China
Correspondence to: Ling-Fei,
Department of Dental Medicine,
Zhongnan Hospital,
Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071,
Hubei
Province, China.
helingfei.wh@163.com
Telephone: +86-27-67813132 Fax: +86-27-86819342
Received: 2005-08-02 Accepted:2005-12-31
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of fluoride on oxidative stress, DNA damage
and apoptosis as well as cell cycle of ratoral mucosal cells and hepatocytes.
METHODS: Ten male SD rats weighing 80~120 g were randomly divided into control group and fluoride group, 5 animals each group. The animals in fluoride group had
free access to deionized water containing 150 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF). The animals in control group were given distilled water.
Four weeks later, the animals were killed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in oral mucosa and liver were measured by Fenton reaction, lipid peroxidation
product, malondialdehyde (MDA), was detected by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction, reduced glutathione (GSH) was assayed by dithionitrobenzoic acid (DTNB)
reaction. DNA damage in oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes was determined by single cell gel (SCG) electrophoresis or comet assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle in oral
mucosal cells and hepatocytes were detected by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: The contents of ROS and MDA in oral mucosa and liver tissue of fluoride group were significantly higher than those of control group ( P < 0.01), but the level of GSH was markedly decreased (P < 0.01). The contents of ROS, MDA and GSH were (134.73 ± 12.63) U/mg protein, (1.48 ± 0.13) mmol/mg protein and (76.38 ± 6.71) mmol/mg protein in oral mucosa respectively, and (143.45 ± 11.76) U/mg protein, (1.44 ± 0.12) mmol/mg protein and (78.83 ± 7.72) mmol/mg protein in liver tissue respectively.
The DNA damage rate in fluoride group was 50.20% in oral mucosal cells and 44.80% in hepatocytes, higher than those in the control group ( P < 0.01). The apoptosis
rate in oral mucosal cells was (13.63 ± 1.81) % in fluoride group, and (12.76 ± 1.67) % in hepatocytes, higher than those in control group. Excess fl uoride could
differently lower the number of oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes at G0/G1 and S G2/M phases ( P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Excess fluoride can induce oxidative stress and DNA damage and lead to apoptosis and cell cycle change in rat oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes.
© 2006 The WJG Press. All rights reserved.
Key words: Fluoride; Oxidative stress; DNA damage; Apoptosis; Cell cycle
He LF, Chen JG. DNA damage, apoptosis and cell cycle changes induced by fl uoride in rat oral mucosal cells and hepatocytes. World J Gastroenterol; 2006; 12(7):1144-1148 http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/12/1144.asp
INTRODUCTION
Fluoride is an essential trace element for human beings and animals.
Fluoride can prevent caries and enamel fluorosis. Caries is the demineralization of the enamel by acids produced by plaque bacteria, leading to cavitation.
Enamel fluorosis is a subsurface hypomineralization of the dental enamel caused by chronic ingestion of high fluoride concentration while the dentition is forming[1].
Other manifestations of fluoride toxic effects include skeletal fluorosis and damage to kidney, liver, parathyroid glands and brain[2-4]. Lipid peroxidation is implicated as an important mechanism of fluorosis. A close association between fluoride toxicity and oxidative stress has been reported in human beings[5], experimental animals[3] and cultured cells [2]. Studies have shown that excess fl uoride can cause DNA damage, trigger apoptosis and change cell cycle[2, 6].Wu M
Monday, June 28, 2010
Harmful ingredients - Toxic ingredients do not have FDA approval similar to the Federal Reserve, eh?
EXCERPT:
The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) classifies cosmetics and personal care products, but does not regulate them. In 1938, the FDA granted self-regulation to the Cosmetics, Toiletries and Fragrance Association (CTFA), the self-appointed industry organization.
With The exception of color additives and a few prohibited ingredients, a cosmetic manufacturer may use almost any raw material as a cosmetic ingredient and market the product without an approval from FDA" ("Prohibited Ingredients", FDA Office of Cosmetics Fact Sheet, Dec. 19, 1994)
Tyson takeover
EXCERPT:
He notes that the most recent purchase by Tyson of IBP consummated a relationship that began with another Tyson takeover in 1997.
It was at that time that Tyson’s Arkansas neighbor Hudson Foods, a rival chicken processor with its own beef division, was the object of attention by Tyson. However, Hudson wasn't interested --- until the Clinton Agriculture Department stepped in to police an E. coli outbreak at one of Hudson's plants.
On August 12, 1997, Hudson issued a recall for 20,000 pounds of frozen hamburger when 16 people were sickened --- none fatally --- after eating undercooked burgers. Clinton Agriculture Secretary Dan Glickman later determined the meat was contaminated by a potentially deadly strain of E. coli. (Issue #8)
The Arkansas Democrat-Gazette described what happened to Hudson Foods next:
COLI and Tyson Foods
EXCERPT:
Among the corporations that have bought such insurance on rank-and-file workers , nicknamed “janitors’ ” or “dead peasants’ ” insurance, are AT&T, Dow Chemical, Nestle USA, Procter & Gamble, Walt Disney, Winn-Dixie, Wal-Mart, American International Group Inc., Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Kimberly-Clark Corp. and Tyson Foods, Inc. Efforts to rein in the practice largely have been unsuccessful, including the most recent rules Congress enacted in 2006. The rules limit companies to buying life insurance to just the top third of earners, who must provide consent. But the rules don’t apply to life-insurance that employers bought before August 2006, which cover millions of current and former employees - including employees that have long since left the company.
George V. Hansen against the IRS and then prison
EXCERPT:
In 1975 Hansen returned to the House. In Washington Hansen was known as one of the most conservative members of Congress. He was a particularly vocal critic of the Internal Revenue Service.
Congressman Hansen went to Tehran in 1979 in the middle of the Iran hostage crisis to try to negotiate with hostage takers through the fence of the U.S. Embassy. In 1980 Hansen published a book titled 'To harass our people: The IRS and government abuse of power.
EXCERPT:
The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) classifies cosmetics and personal care products, but does not regulate them. In 1938, the FDA granted self-regulation to the Cosmetics, Toiletries and Fragrance Association (CTFA), the self-appointed industry organization.
With The exception of color additives and a few prohibited ingredients, a cosmetic manufacturer may use almost any raw material as a cosmetic ingredient and market the product without an approval from FDA" ("Prohibited Ingredients", FDA Office of Cosmetics Fact Sheet, Dec. 19, 1994)
Tyson takeover
EXCERPT:
He notes that the most recent purchase by Tyson of IBP consummated a relationship that began with another Tyson takeover in 1997.
It was at that time that Tyson’s Arkansas neighbor Hudson Foods, a rival chicken processor with its own beef division, was the object of attention by Tyson. However, Hudson wasn't interested --- until the Clinton Agriculture Department stepped in to police an E. coli outbreak at one of Hudson's plants.
On August 12, 1997, Hudson issued a recall for 20,000 pounds of frozen hamburger when 16 people were sickened --- none fatally --- after eating undercooked burgers. Clinton Agriculture Secretary Dan Glickman later determined the meat was contaminated by a potentially deadly strain of E. coli. (Issue #8)
The Arkansas Democrat-Gazette described what happened to Hudson Foods next:
COLI and Tyson Foods
EXCERPT:
Among the corporations that have bought such insurance on rank-and-file workers , nicknamed “janitors’ ” or “dead peasants’ ” insurance, are AT&T, Dow Chemical, Nestle USA, Procter & Gamble, Walt Disney, Winn-Dixie, Wal-Mart, American International Group Inc., Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Kimberly-Clark Corp. and Tyson Foods, Inc. Efforts to rein in the practice largely have been unsuccessful, including the most recent rules Congress enacted in 2006. The rules limit companies to buying life insurance to just the top third of earners, who must provide consent. But the rules don’t apply to life-insurance that employers bought before August 2006, which cover millions of current and former employees - including employees that have long since left the company.
George V. Hansen against the IRS and then prison
EXCERPT:
In 1975 Hansen returned to the House. In Washington Hansen was known as one of the most conservative members of Congress. He was a particularly vocal critic of the Internal Revenue Service.
Congressman Hansen went to Tehran in 1979 in the middle of the Iran hostage crisis to try to negotiate with hostage takers through the fence of the U.S. Embassy. In 1980 Hansen published a book titled 'To harass our people: The IRS and government abuse of power.
Wildlife Damage Management
Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for
Bird Control Seminars Proceedings
University of Nebraska - Lincoln Year 1968
SODIUM FLUORIDE IN FEEDLOT
STARLING CONTROL
James Steckel
Torco Pest Control, Columbus, OH
This paper is posted at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
Education
110
SODIUM FLUORIDE IN
FEEDLOT STARLING CONTROL
James Steckel
Torco Pest Control
Columbus, Ohio
I'm going to talk about the toxicant, sodium fluoride. This, of course, is
not new to anybody who's been in the pest control business. It's very common
and is a material that is readily available to industry wherever you might be—
sodium fluoride, NaF.
Sodium fluoride was a material used in veterinary practice in its early days
as a worming agent. When the first problems developed with the swine feeders,
particularly with TGE (transmissible gastroenteritis), they were needing a toxicant
that they could use to control the birds that were stealing feed out of the food
bunkers and leaving their droppings there. Some birds died in the area, causing,
the farmers felt, the disease TGE. Looking at the different toxicants we had
available to us, the first was strychnine which is highly toxic to swine. That
completely ruled it out because the least consumption of strychnine would mean
sure death in the case of hogs. Then we found sodium fluoride, a material already
used for worming, and that meant there was some tolerance to sodium
fluoride in swine. It was then developed into a bait material that would be used
at a level of 3% for lethal control of starlings.
In the registration of this material, it has some very definite limitations,
just as DRC-1339 does. This material is for use on starlings and blackbirds only.
It's not for use on other pest birds; it's rather specific to starlings and blackbirds.
The pellet size is too large for the small birds and sparrows to feed from; it was
designed this way intentionally. Sodium fluoride is detoxified in the crop of
cropped birds; consequently pigeons and all other cropped birds have a definite
tolerance to it. They can handle it quite well. It was designed for agricultural
use only. It was not specified in the registration for feed lot use only, but it was
specified for agricultural use only. This allows it to be broadened a bit, but
basically it is a feed lot product.
It also has a limitation of being used during periods of inclement weather;
this means basically winter weather. This is to protect the migratory protected
species that might be available during other times of the year and could be
possibly feeding at the same area.
Sodium fluoride is not a slow-acting toxicant as is 1339. It is medium-fast
acting; not as fast as strychnine. There is a real possibility that birds will die
right at their feeding location, if they feed over a period of time there.
111
As we said, some of the specificity was developed by the size of the pellet.
The pellet is almost the same size as the starlicide pellet, and it's a pellet that an be readily ingested by the starling. It's something used to and can handle
quite easily.
Sodium fluoride does not have great secondary hazards although I don't
think we can say that it has no secondary hazards. We aren't too concerned
about the hogs or beef cattle eating them; beef cattle won't normally eat the
dead birds, hogs will. We have stated in the label to pick the birds up as much as
possible and don't feed them to the hogs. However in tests we have fed
poisoned birds to swine and have not been able to get toxic levels ingested by the
swine. I would imagine that if dead birds were all that was available there could
be a possibility of toxication; we haven't gone that far.
As in all materials, the success depends on the acceptance. All these toxicants
will kill the birds. It's just a matter of getting that toxicant to the bird.
This presents its greatest problem to us just as it does with 1339 and any other
materials. We developed this product to combat the starling problem in swine
feed areas. Swine food is a little different than poultry food or even some of
your big cattle feeder operations. Consequently the carrier is not as acceptable
in other areas as it is in swine lots. If you're going into other areas, you have to
develop the feeding habit with this type of a pellet before you can give them the
pellet and expect them to take it. People working in bird control in poultry areas
have found it is really not an acceptable material. They can get some kill if they
can get the conditions just right, but it's not nearly as acceptable. Poultry pellets have a much darker appearance, a higher content of alfalfa. The bird just notices the sodium fluoride pellet as a strange color, and it certainly must have a stranger odor or taste. We had this discussion yesterday whether birds can taste or not taste; we think they can. So it would seem that if this were to be a real
successful tool, you would almost have to pick out the carrier and select color,
taste, and content for each of these feeding situations.
The material presently available on the market contains corn meal, meat
scraps, blood meal, and then the sticker or adhesive material to hold the pellet
together. Corn meal is the bulk; meat scraps and blood meal give it the protein it
needs to be attractive. Starlings are basically meat eaters; they spend most of
their time eating insects when they are available. We try to give them something
that would at least meet their diet requirements and their taste preferences.
Dilution is not necessary, although in areas where you have very heavy
feeding, dilution certainly makes it more economical and still a satisfactory material.
Under normal conditions three pellets are a lethal dose for a starling. If
you get this in a very severe winter situation where all the foods are covered, the
bird will come in and eat a good deal more than three pellets, so you can use
dilution ratios. We have not gone above 1 to 12 in our own practice; and on the
label we don't talk about dilutions even though they are certainly being used and,
under these circumstances, satisfactorily so.
I think those are all the comments I would have on sodium fluoride. If
there are any questions I'm sure you'll have an opportunity to ask.
112
DISCUSSION:
BECK: I'm sure Jim remembers, but neglected to mention, that this material is,
in its present form, not very toxic to poultry or hogs. But if you use it around
cattle feed lots, you must be very, very careful because sodium fluoride is
exceedingly toxic to cattle even in small quantities. Do you have questions for
these two gentlemen?
RUSSELL: Did John say that he did spread his diluted bait in the cattle pens
themselves?
DE GRAZIO: Yes. When we were running our early trials we spread the bait in
the cattle pens and on the mounds that they had in the middle of the pens. In the
alleys we put cups on posts when we were first testing this chemical in feed lots.
I believe the label on Starlicide says "restricted to alleyways."
BECK: I might comment here that in the eastern United States the results with
the particular method that John has described have not been as good as the results
he obtained. This is not due to any fault of the material or the way it's put out.
It's due more to the difference in the size of feed lots, the land management
practices, and feedlot management practices that are prevalent in the East. If
you're trying to use a pellet in an area where chopped silage is the rule of the day
in cattle feedlots, you're going to have trouble in getting an efficacious use.
SCHENDEL: What about the possibility of prebaiting? I know it isn't commonly
done, but what has been done in seeing whether there is any value in prebaiting?
Can you change birds' habits to eat some particular material that isn't readily
available to them right in that feed lot?
DE GRAZIO: We've never prebaited in feed lots because in a sense they're already
prebaited, at least in the western United States. They have pelletized feed
that they use in their cattle ration and some of the alfalfa pellets seem to be
similar to the poultry pellets that we use. You get spillage along feed bunks,
some of the hard grains are passing through the catties' intestines, so in a sense it's already prebaited for you.
BECK: You can, if you wish to prebait, use exactly the same type, color, and
composition of pellet, and then use the treated pellet regardless whether it's
sodium fluoride or DRC-1339. You can prebait, yes.
STECKEL: I'd just like to comment on this. We shipped some of our materials
into a foreign country where pellets were not used in a feeding situation at all.
They were using chopped sugar beet pulp; this was all the animals had ever seen.
We had to develop the acceptance of a pellet, which we were able to do, but it
took three weeks of pretty concentrated effort. In fact they had to close off the
113
access to the sugar beet pulp and almost force them to come to the pellets.
Once they got started on the pellets there was no problem—they would come to
the pellets and we could open up the sugar beet pulp and they'd stay with the
pellets. We had to get a sweetener into our material because they were used to
getting a sweet taste from the sugar beets. It can be done, but it's not easy.
SH1CK: DRC-1339 is sold under the trade name of Starlicide. In all fairness
to Jim, what's his product sold under?
SPITZ: "Steckelcide" (laugh)
STECKEL: That's right, it used to be steckelcide, but after this morning I'm
going to call it "Spitzicide" after our famed psychologist from Houston.
Fantastic. I don't think he's a pest control operator any more, I think he's a
master psyche. Seriously, it's called Torco Starling Pellet. Excuse the
commercial, but thank you for the offer.
PIERCE: Jim, would you comment on bait placement of your material?
STECKEL: We normally try to put this bait up on top of the feed bunker in a
feedlot. We use flats, kind of like those your wife comes home with filled with
three dozen petunias. If we're in a heavy weather condition we build a little
slanting roof on it to prevent the snow and rain from coming into it. Out on a
farm in a feeder area where they're just dumping feed in big troughs, we will
then pull high wagons in and set these flats out into the wagons so that the
cattle or hogs can't get to the pellets. We will also nail flats on the tops of
fence posts or put them on the outer edges of loafing sheds. We don't put this
material down at ground or feeder level. Does that answer your question?
LEIB: Does the weather affect the material? For example if it gets wet or
snowed on?
STECKEL: It causes the pellet to disintegrate if it gets a lot of moisture. Just
to get some snow on it, stay cold, and the snow blows off, it won't break that
pellet down. Pelletizing is just a standard process and we use a standard adhesive
sticker. It just can't stand that much moisture.
BECK: We have time for one quick question over here.
DELEGATE: Do you have any experience with Starlicide in hog feedlots?
DE GRAZIO: The Denver Center has never run any tests in hog feedlots. No,
we don't have any experience.
BECK: These two gentlemen have given us good presentations. I hope that
you'll contact them and discuss further questions and comments you may have
114
with them. Since I no longer live in Ohio, I can now say that Jim is a fine example
of quality craftsmanship in the pest control industry. This man has worked
well with governmental agencies for quite some time, and when you receive your
copy of the bird management guide, this is the man you have to thank for that.
US Prevention, Pesticides EPA 738-F-96-003
Environmental Protection And Toxic Substances September 1995
Agency (7508W)
R.E.D. FACTS
Starlicide
(3-chloro-p-toluidine
hydrochloride)
Pesticide
Reregistration
All pesticides sold or distributed in the United States must be
registered by EPA, based on scientific studies showing that they can be used
without posing unreasonable risks to people or the environment. Because of
advances in scientific knowledge, the law requires that pesticides which
were first registered years ago be reregistered to ensure that they meet
today's more stringent standards.
In evaluating pesticides for reregistration, EPA obtains and reviews a
complete set of studies from pesticide producers, describing the human
health and environmental effects of each pesticide. The Agency imposes
any regulatory controls that are needed to effectively manage each
pesticide's risks. EPA then reregisters pesticides that can be used without
posing unreasonable risks to human health or the environment.
When a pesticide is eligible for reregistration, EPA explains the basis
for its decision in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.
This fact sheet summarizes the information in the RED document for
reregistration case 2610, 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride or starlicide.
Use Profile Starlicide is an avicide used to control ravens, starlings, crows,
pigeons, cowbirds, grackles, magpies, and certain gull species. Use sites
vary by species but include livestock and poultry feedlots, building and
fenced noncrop areas, Federal and State wildlife refuges and protected
areas, gull colonies in coastal areas, and bird staging areas and roosting
sites.
Starlicide is formulated as a 98% powder to be applied to various
baits, and as a 0.1% ready-to-use product. It is applied in solution to
various baits (meat, grain, egg, french fries), allowed to dry, and placed in
bait boxes or trays or broadcast by various means in target areas.
Use practice limitations include the classification of all products
containing starlicide as restricted use, to be applied only by certified
applicators or persons under their supervision. Starlicide treated baits cannot
2
be applied within 50 feet of standing water and cannot be applied directly to
food or feed crops. There is a prohibition against grazing or planting crops
in treated areas within a year of application. Prebaiting must be done before
application to ensure that non-target or endangered species will not eat
treated baits.
Regulatory
History
Starlicide was first registered as a pesticide in the U.S. in 1967.
Currently, 15 starlicide products are registered, including 7 Federal and 8
state registrations
Human Health
Assessment
Toxicity
In studies using laboratory animals, starlicide has been shown to be of
moderate to high acute toxicity. Starlicide is moderately toxic by the oral
route and slightly toxic by the dermal route, placing it in Toxicity
Categories II and III, respectively for these effects. Although a study was
not provided, based on its other acute toxicity properties, starlicide is
presumed to be highly acutely toxic (Toxicity Category I) by the inhalation
route. It is corrosive to skin and eyes (also Toxicity Category I for these
effects) and is a mild to moderate skin sensitizer. Starlicide was not
mutagenic in three mutagenicity assays provided to the Agency, and is not a
carcinogen.
Dietary Exposure
Since starlicide is not used on food or feed crops or commodities, no
human dietary exposure is expected.
Occupational and Residential Exposure
Based on current use patterns, handlers (mixers, loaders, and
applicators) may be exposed to starlicide during the mixing of concentrate
with the various baits. Because of its high vapor pressure and presumed
high acute inhalation toxicity, the Agency has concern about the potential
for exposure to handlers mixing starlicide concentrate in one pound
quantities. However, the potential for post application exposure for persons
entering a treated site after application is minimal, and the Agency has no
post-application concerns.
Human Risk Assessment
Starlicide generally is of high acute toxicity, but is not a mutagen or a
carcinogen. There are no food or feed uses registered for starlicide, and no
human dietary exposure is expected.
Since there is some concern for handlers (mixers/loaders/applicators)
using one pound or more quantities of starlicide concentrate, the Agency has
concluded that the use of a respirator in these instances would minimize
exposure.
3
Environmental
Assessment
Environmental Fate
Starlicide does not hydrolyze, but does photodegrade in water, which,
based on available data, appears to be its primary route of dissipation in the
environment. Starlicide binds to organic matter in soils, but a complete
environmental fate assessment cannot be performed because the submitted
data was not adequate. The Agency is not requiring new studies, however,
because of the limited uses of starlicide and the extremely low volume of
active ingredient applied annually.
Ecological Effects Risk Assessment
Starlicide is very highly toxic to birds and freshwater invertebrates
and moderately toxic to freshwater fish. Starlicide is moderately toxic to
mammals. Data on toxicity to insects (honeybees) and non-target plants
were not required for starlicide.
Based on the data, non-target birds and mammals may be at risk from
eating starlicide treated bait (primary exposure), or, as scavengers and
predators, from consuming animals who have eaten treated baits (secondary
exposure). The risk to primary non-target bird populations is considered
high for all uses of starlicide, as is the risk to endangered small mammals in
areas treated with the highest application rates. Acute risk is also posed to
aquatic invertebrates.
Risk Mitigation To lessen the risks to non-target animals posed by starlicide, EPA is requiring the following risk mitigation measures.
• Prebaiting, which will lessen the risk of ingestion of treated baits by nontarget
species, will be required on all labels.
• Lower application rates - Because risk to endangered mammals and aquatic
invertebrates is highest at the maximum application rates, the highest rate
allowed for broadcast applications of starlicide treated baits will be 0.1 lbs./
acre.
• Buffer zones To lessen the potential for runoff which may pose acute risk to
aquatic invertebrates, treated baits must be placed at least 50 feet from bodies
of water.
Also, because of concern for inhalation exposure of mixers and loaders
to starlicide concentrate, the following is required:
• In addition to the personal protective equipment already on starlicide labels
(goggles and gloves), a respirator approved for pesticides must be worn by
persons mixing quantities of one pound or more of starlicide.
Additional Data
Requirements
The generic database supporting starlicide is substantially complete.
The Agency is still requiring product-specific data including product
chemistry and acute toxicity studies, revised Confidential Statements of
Formula (CSFs), and revised labeling for reregistration.
4
Product Labeling
Changes Required
All starlicide end-use products must comply with EPA's current
pesticide product labeling requirements. For the complete text of list of
labeling requirements, please see pp. 33-36 of the starlicide RED
document.
Regulatory
Conclusion
The use of currently registered products containing starlicide in
accordance with approved labeling will not pose unreasonable risks or
adverse effects to humans or the environment. Therefore, all uses of these
products are eligible for reregistration.
Starlicide products will be reregistered once the required productspecific
data, revised Confidential Statements of Formula, and revised
labeling are received and accepted by EPA.
For More
Information
EPA is requesting public comments on the Reregistration Eligibility
Decision (RED) document for starlicide during a 60-day time period, as
announced in a Notice of Availability published in the Federal Register. To
obtain a copy of the RED document or to submit written comments, please
contact the Pesticide Docket, Public Response and Program Resources
Branch, Field Operations Division (7506C), Office of Pesticide Programs
(OPP), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460, telephone 703-305-5805.
Electronic copies of the RED and this fact sheet can be downloaded
from the Pesticide Special Review and Reregistration Information System at
703-308-7224. They also are available on the Internet on EPA's gopher
server, GOPHER.EPA.GOV, or using ftp on FTP.EPA.GOV, or using
WWW (World Wide Web) on WWW.EPA.GOV.
Printed copies of the RED and fact sheet can be obtained from EPA's
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information
(EPA/NCEPI), PO Box 42419, Cincinnati, OH 45242-0419, telephone
513-489-8190, fax 513-489-8695.
Following the comment period, the starlicide RED document also will
be available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285
Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, telephone 703-487-4650.
For more information about EPA's pesticide reregistration program,
the starlicide RED, or reregistration of individual products containing
starlicide, please contact the Special Review and Reregistration Division
(7508W), OPP, US EPA, Washington, DC 20460, telephone 703-308-8000.
For information about the health effects of pesticides, or for assistance
in recognizing and managing pesticide poisoning symptoms, please contact
the National Pesticides Telecommunications Network (NPTN). Call tollfree
1-800-858-7378, between 9:30 am and 7:30 pm Eastern Standard
Time, Monday through Friday.
Starlicide and Sodium Fluoride
Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for
Bird Control Seminars Proceedings
University of Nebraska - Lincoln Year 1968
WETTING AGENTS AND THEIR
ROLE IN BLACKBIRD DAMAGE
CONTROL
Don Harke
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fremont, Ohio
This paper is posted at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmbirdcontrol/166
104
WETTING AGENTS AND THEIR ROLE
IN BLACKBIRD DAMAGE CONTROL
Don Harke
Assistant State Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Fremont, Ohio
I just happened to think of an example when John was talking about firecracker
danger. In south Florida in the sweet corn fields they have "spray middles"
cut down through the fields, and at times some of the farm laborers will go
through these middles on a tractor with an apronful of these cherry bombs,
lighting them on their cigars or cigarettes, and throwing them out to chase the
birds. I did hear one case where the laborer lit one and apparently dropped it
back in his lap; the whole shebang went off and disemboweled him.
I'm going to speak on wetting agents, which are a class of surface-active
agents or surfactants along with soaps or detergents. I would like to second
John's philosophy on this balanced approach. Our blackbird problem in Ohio and
Michigan is sufficiently serious that we can scarcely afford to overlook any
measure of control.
Wetting agents are not a new happening on the blackbird damage control
scene. Actually since the early '60's we have been interested in finding the ideal
agent and method of application for lethal control of blackbirds, starlings, and
their roosts. The principle, as with so many other damage control techniques, is
relatively simple: get roosting birds wet enough when the weather is cold, the
temperature drops to 30 or so degrees, and they succumb to heart failure,
respiratory system failure, etc. In practice however, as in many other damage
control techniques, the story is not quite so easily told. The advent of the newer
biodegradable surfactants have all but eliminated one of the problems, that of
chronic water pollution. However numerous other problems must be solved
before this method can leave the drawing board.
Certain criteria must be met before specific wetting agents can qualify for
field trial. The candidate agent must be readily soluble in water, have maximum
wetting ability at moderate concentrations, degrade rapidly, have minimal toxicity
to fish, and maximum absorption on soils (this is to control water pollution in
underground systems). Somewhere there may exist a surfactant with all these
characteristics, and if anyone here knows what it might be, I'd like to know.
Turgitol 15S9 is the material which has been the most widely used in field
testing in a number of states; Georgia, Ohio, Tennessee, Arkansas. It has excellent
wetting abilities and under normal conditions degrades in about ten days.
105
But it is very toxic to fish. Little is known about its soil absorptive qualities.
This I might mention is important to us with our rural blackbird roosts in the
Sandusky Bay marshes and the general Lake Erie marshes; these roosts are composed
of redwinged blackbirds, grackles, and cowbirds.
Some of the sucrose esters are being worked with and they are considerably
less toxic to fish. But there's quite a bit of difficulty in getting them in aqueous
solutions which are needed to spray the material on the birds.
One of the confounding problems is how to get enough of the agent on the
birds to sufficiently wet them. Methods of application have ranged from herding
flocks of blackbirds through ground spray apparatus to applications of the
material with light aircraft and heavy aircraft, specifically Grumman AgCats (at
about 25 gallons per acre) and B-26 and C-123 aircraft at application rates of 900
gallons per acre. What it amounts to is that we need either high concentration at
low gallonage rates or the reverse of that followed by additional water drops. Or
in the case of a light plane which put out a minimum of wetting agents, we might
put this material on just prior to a cold front, allowing a natural rainfall to furnish
the required water.
There are some criteria which must be met before a roost can be treated:
there must be a high concentration of blackbirds in the roost, a low population of
desirable birds like ducks, robins, etc., and the drainage from the roost area not
be into a fish pond or river that abounds with fish. Also since some of these
wetting agents are phytotoxic, the roosting site must be of little value.
Directly comparing the light versus heavy aircraft- the light costs less, is
more accurate (they've had some misses with the heavier aircraft), and a considerably
more concentrated solution appears to be required. As John said, no one
control measure will solve the blackbird problem and only through diligent research
and field trials will we be able to come up with a wetting agent and a
method of application which may help us out with this problem.
I have some slides I'd like to show.
This is a roost at Johnstown, Ohio, just south of us here. It is a coniferous
tree roost, and at times there were 2 million birds here. The pond you see was
frozen over when the picture was taken, but there are quite a few fish in it. For
this reason we didn't think aerial application was desirable. We used a "standpipe"
method of getting the wetting agent onto the birds. These are pipes 21 feet tall;
there's a spray head on the top; we have a hose network and an educer valve
which goes into the tank of wetting agent. We used a fire truck which pumped
the water through this educer valve, then sucked the wetting agent up, and
diluted it to a predetermined concentration. At night water cascaded out of these
spray nozzles. A group of us went back through the trees, and herded the birds
through this curtain of spray; sometimes we did some good and sometimes we
didn't.
This shows a floodlight arrangement we used. Some of you may know of
floodlight traps that were used in various situations against roosts. We put this
bank of floodlights in front of the curtain of spray to attract the birds into that
area so that they would fly through the spray.
106
This is in Georgia, Moody Air Force Base—a roost which contains millions
of birds. Some of you may know of the problem there with bird—aircraft strike
hazards. Here is a B-26 which was used to literally dump wetting agent on the
birds in the roost; it has two 500 gallon tanks and was capable of putting out
900 to 1000 gallons per acre. Here are some cowbirds wet with the wetting
agent that were picked up after being wetted. You can see how wet their feathers
have become.
Thank you very much for you attention.
BECK: Don, stay up here please and we'll open this up to questions for either
you or me.
FITZWATER: Don, on your floodlights-are they set so they don't hit the
spray?
HARKE: Right.
FITZWATER: We had a little trouble. We had an interesting, small project in
Carlsbad, New Mexico where we ran standpipes out of irrigation hose just to the
top of some forty foot high mulberries. We had a population of about 3000
sparrows. We tied this into the water line, and had an inductor that brought the
detergent up through the lawn sprinkler heads. We only treated two trees and
tried to drive the birds into the trees. One of the trees was right by a street light
which the second night we did get turned off, but the first night you could see
the birds veer away from the spray because they could see it. But we had
interesting enough results that I think it's worth looking into.
HARKE: This is the problem we experienced—that the light was reflecting,
when we originally had it behind the curtain of wetting agent. The birds diverged
or went around the sides of the spray.
FRANCIS: Don, I'd like to ask you on these wetting agents—is there a seasonal
difference in the effectiveness of it. In other words will simply wetting the
birds be enough or must you have reasonable cool weather to have it work?
HARKE: Jim Caslick of the Division of Research has done most of the lab
work on this and he says a temperature of 50 degrees or less is required for
maximum mortality.
BRINK: Don, I wonder if you have, or can see in the picture any answer to
that Moody Air Force Base situation?
HARKE: No, not in the immediate future. I think John Seubert could give
you more information on that.
107
SEUBERT: Moody is a particular problem because the roost is a large one and
the bird densities are quite low. But again if we had the right type of agent
Moody would be an ideal place for use because the land is under federal control.
BROWN: We have these exploders banging away all over the orchards of southern
Ontario and they have absolutely no effect on robins. I might suggest that one
possibility is this: that the robins actually learn by the sound of the exploders
that there is ripe fruit available! (laugh)
BECK: Well, according to Pavlov that is quite possible.
LIEB: With this Castalia roost and the weather being what it is, have you done
anything successfully down there to move those birds to protect the corn?
HARKE: Which Castalia roost?
LIEB: The roost affecting the corn growers in the Castalia-Sandusky area.
HARKE: Have we done anything with wetting agents?
LIEB: Well, have you done anything at all to successfully move them because
they don't seem to have as much of a problem this year as they did last year?
Maybe they did something, I don't know.
HARKE: I've been putting out lethal baits in that area, but I certainly don't
presume that I've put out enough to halt bird damage. I don't really know.
LIEB: To make you feel good, I think you have, because some of the farmers
down there say they don't have half the problems they've had. They have fewer
birds, but they don't know who's doing it, and they don't want to know.
HARKE: That's what they've been telling me.
RUSSELL: What was the wetting agent you gave as an example that was toxic to
fish?
HARKE: Turgitol 15S9, a Union Carbide product.
OCHS: Do you have any that aren't toxic?
HARKE: We'd like to know that, too.
BECK: Now come on. You know that some of them that we think basically
are not toxic do have some toxic effects on aquatic invertebrates, don't they?
108
OCHS: John, most of the surfactants heretofore have been classed as inert ingredients.
Therefore we have damn little information on surfactants per se. We
can surmise the effect and do as we darn well please, but until we have data to
support what we may think, we have nothing.
STECKEL: You've been in Washington too long, Paul. (laugh)
BECK: We do thank you for your attention on these two topics. I advise you to
corner Don Harke and get better acquainted with him; I think you're going to see
this young man's name and some of his results for a considerable period of time.
Let's give him a hand.
The next topics we're interested in here are primarily feed lot problems,
and we're comparing sodium fluoride and Starlicide. Actually I think we should
say DRC-1339 which is a code number for a particular chemical. We're comparing
the technical grade of that chemical as used by our Denver research people
with sodium fluoride. I don't think we should say we're comparing starlicide
which is a registered commercial product with sodium fluoride. We're actually
comparing two chemicals, so even though Starlicide is mentioned I think we
should limit our remarks to the technical grade of the compound known as DRC-
1339.
The next two speakers are friends of mine; one is a new friend and the
other is a friend of long standing. John De Grazio is a member of our Denver
research team and is another one of our young men who will be heard from for a
long time to come. John has done a lot of work, as have his associates, and he
deserves a lot of credit. I'm sure you'll enjoy hearing from John.
The second man who will speak is Jim Steckel. All of the pest control
operators know him, and most of us bureaucratic drones know him also. Jim is
going to present sodium fluoride, its possibilities and its uses. When we finish
these two, we'll have questions. John De Grazio.
Wildlife damage control
EXCERPT:
Sodium Fluoroacetate - Compound 1080: Sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) is a naturally-occurring organic fluorine compound extracted from the West African plant "ratbane" (Dichapetalum toxicarium). In the past, Compound 1080 was registered for controlling canids, commensal rodents, and field rodents. Currently its single registration is for use in the livestock protection collar (LPC) for controlling coyotes preying on sheep and goats. The LPC is a small rubber collar, worn by sheep or goats, that contains two small reservoirs of the toxin. It is selective for individual problem animals, since it is only administered when the coyote punctures the bladder during the act of biting the throat of the collared animal.
Sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) Livestock Protection Collar EPA Reg. No. 56228-22
•User Manual - Introduction, Contents, Do's and Don'ts (30K)
Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for
Bird Control Seminars Proceedings
University of Nebraska - Lincoln Year 1968
SODIUM FLUORIDE IN FEEDLOT
STARLING CONTROL
James Steckel
Torco Pest Control, Columbus, OH
This paper is posted at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
Education
110
SODIUM FLUORIDE IN
FEEDLOT STARLING CONTROL
James Steckel
Torco Pest Control
Columbus, Ohio
I'm going to talk about the toxicant, sodium fluoride. This, of course, is
not new to anybody who's been in the pest control business. It's very common
and is a material that is readily available to industry wherever you might be—
sodium fluoride, NaF.
Sodium fluoride was a material used in veterinary practice in its early days
as a worming agent. When the first problems developed with the swine feeders,
particularly with TGE (transmissible gastroenteritis), they were needing a toxicant
that they could use to control the birds that were stealing feed out of the food
bunkers and leaving their droppings there. Some birds died in the area, causing,
the farmers felt, the disease TGE. Looking at the different toxicants we had
available to us, the first was strychnine which is highly toxic to swine. That
completely ruled it out because the least consumption of strychnine would mean
sure death in the case of hogs. Then we found sodium fluoride, a material already
used for worming, and that meant there was some tolerance to sodium
fluoride in swine. It was then developed into a bait material that would be used
at a level of 3% for lethal control of starlings.
In the registration of this material, it has some very definite limitations,
just as DRC-1339 does. This material is for use on starlings and blackbirds only.
It's not for use on other pest birds; it's rather specific to starlings and blackbirds.
The pellet size is too large for the small birds and sparrows to feed from; it was
designed this way intentionally. Sodium fluoride is detoxified in the crop of
cropped birds; consequently pigeons and all other cropped birds have a definite
tolerance to it. They can handle it quite well. It was designed for agricultural
use only. It was not specified in the registration for feed lot use only, but it was
specified for agricultural use only. This allows it to be broadened a bit, but
basically it is a feed lot product.
It also has a limitation of being used during periods of inclement weather;
this means basically winter weather. This is to protect the migratory protected
species that might be available during other times of the year and could be
possibly feeding at the same area.
Sodium fluoride is not a slow-acting toxicant as is 1339. It is medium-fast
acting; not as fast as strychnine. There is a real possibility that birds will die
right at their feeding location, if they feed over a period of time there.
111
As we said, some of the specificity was developed by the size of the pellet.
The pellet is almost the same size as the starlicide pellet, and it's a pellet that an be readily ingested by the starling. It's something used to and can handle
quite easily.
Sodium fluoride does not have great secondary hazards although I don't
think we can say that it has no secondary hazards. We aren't too concerned
about the hogs or beef cattle eating them; beef cattle won't normally eat the
dead birds, hogs will. We have stated in the label to pick the birds up as much as
possible and don't feed them to the hogs. However in tests we have fed
poisoned birds to swine and have not been able to get toxic levels ingested by the
swine. I would imagine that if dead birds were all that was available there could
be a possibility of toxication; we haven't gone that far.
As in all materials, the success depends on the acceptance. All these toxicants
will kill the birds. It's just a matter of getting that toxicant to the bird.
This presents its greatest problem to us just as it does with 1339 and any other
materials. We developed this product to combat the starling problem in swine
feed areas. Swine food is a little different than poultry food or even some of
your big cattle feeder operations. Consequently the carrier is not as acceptable
in other areas as it is in swine lots. If you're going into other areas, you have to
develop the feeding habit with this type of a pellet before you can give them the
pellet and expect them to take it. People working in bird control in poultry areas
have found it is really not an acceptable material. They can get some kill if they
can get the conditions just right, but it's not nearly as acceptable. Poultry pellets have a much darker appearance, a higher content of alfalfa. The bird just notices the sodium fluoride pellet as a strange color, and it certainly must have a stranger odor or taste. We had this discussion yesterday whether birds can taste or not taste; we think they can. So it would seem that if this were to be a real
successful tool, you would almost have to pick out the carrier and select color,
taste, and content for each of these feeding situations.
The material presently available on the market contains corn meal, meat
scraps, blood meal, and then the sticker or adhesive material to hold the pellet
together. Corn meal is the bulk; meat scraps and blood meal give it the protein it
needs to be attractive. Starlings are basically meat eaters; they spend most of
their time eating insects when they are available. We try to give them something
that would at least meet their diet requirements and their taste preferences.
Dilution is not necessary, although in areas where you have very heavy
feeding, dilution certainly makes it more economical and still a satisfactory material.
Under normal conditions three pellets are a lethal dose for a starling. If
you get this in a very severe winter situation where all the foods are covered, the
bird will come in and eat a good deal more than three pellets, so you can use
dilution ratios. We have not gone above 1 to 12 in our own practice; and on the
label we don't talk about dilutions even though they are certainly being used and,
under these circumstances, satisfactorily so.
I think those are all the comments I would have on sodium fluoride. If
there are any questions I'm sure you'll have an opportunity to ask.
112
DISCUSSION:
BECK: I'm sure Jim remembers, but neglected to mention, that this material is,
in its present form, not very toxic to poultry or hogs. But if you use it around
cattle feed lots, you must be very, very careful because sodium fluoride is
exceedingly toxic to cattle even in small quantities. Do you have questions for
these two gentlemen?
RUSSELL: Did John say that he did spread his diluted bait in the cattle pens
themselves?
DE GRAZIO: Yes. When we were running our early trials we spread the bait in
the cattle pens and on the mounds that they had in the middle of the pens. In the
alleys we put cups on posts when we were first testing this chemical in feed lots.
I believe the label on Starlicide says "restricted to alleyways."
BECK: I might comment here that in the eastern United States the results with
the particular method that John has described have not been as good as the results
he obtained. This is not due to any fault of the material or the way it's put out.
It's due more to the difference in the size of feed lots, the land management
practices, and feedlot management practices that are prevalent in the East. If
you're trying to use a pellet in an area where chopped silage is the rule of the day
in cattle feedlots, you're going to have trouble in getting an efficacious use.
SCHENDEL: What about the possibility of prebaiting? I know it isn't commonly
done, but what has been done in seeing whether there is any value in prebaiting?
Can you change birds' habits to eat some particular material that isn't readily
available to them right in that feed lot?
DE GRAZIO: We've never prebaited in feed lots because in a sense they're already
prebaited, at least in the western United States. They have pelletized feed
that they use in their cattle ration and some of the alfalfa pellets seem to be
similar to the poultry pellets that we use. You get spillage along feed bunks,
some of the hard grains are passing through the catties' intestines, so in a sense it's already prebaited for you.
BECK: You can, if you wish to prebait, use exactly the same type, color, and
composition of pellet, and then use the treated pellet regardless whether it's
sodium fluoride or DRC-1339. You can prebait, yes.
STECKEL: I'd just like to comment on this. We shipped some of our materials
into a foreign country where pellets were not used in a feeding situation at all.
They were using chopped sugar beet pulp; this was all the animals had ever seen.
We had to develop the acceptance of a pellet, which we were able to do, but it
took three weeks of pretty concentrated effort. In fact they had to close off the
113
access to the sugar beet pulp and almost force them to come to the pellets.
Once they got started on the pellets there was no problem—they would come to
the pellets and we could open up the sugar beet pulp and they'd stay with the
pellets. We had to get a sweetener into our material because they were used to
getting a sweet taste from the sugar beets. It can be done, but it's not easy.
SH1CK: DRC-1339 is sold under the trade name of Starlicide. In all fairness
to Jim, what's his product sold under?
SPITZ: "Steckelcide" (laugh)
STECKEL: That's right, it used to be steckelcide, but after this morning I'm
going to call it "Spitzicide" after our famed psychologist from Houston.
Fantastic. I don't think he's a pest control operator any more, I think he's a
master psyche. Seriously, it's called Torco Starling Pellet. Excuse the
commercial, but thank you for the offer.
PIERCE: Jim, would you comment on bait placement of your material?
STECKEL: We normally try to put this bait up on top of the feed bunker in a
feedlot. We use flats, kind of like those your wife comes home with filled with
three dozen petunias. If we're in a heavy weather condition we build a little
slanting roof on it to prevent the snow and rain from coming into it. Out on a
farm in a feeder area where they're just dumping feed in big troughs, we will
then pull high wagons in and set these flats out into the wagons so that the
cattle or hogs can't get to the pellets. We will also nail flats on the tops of
fence posts or put them on the outer edges of loafing sheds. We don't put this
material down at ground or feeder level. Does that answer your question?
LEIB: Does the weather affect the material? For example if it gets wet or
snowed on?
STECKEL: It causes the pellet to disintegrate if it gets a lot of moisture. Just
to get some snow on it, stay cold, and the snow blows off, it won't break that
pellet down. Pelletizing is just a standard process and we use a standard adhesive
sticker. It just can't stand that much moisture.
BECK: We have time for one quick question over here.
DELEGATE: Do you have any experience with Starlicide in hog feedlots?
DE GRAZIO: The Denver Center has never run any tests in hog feedlots. No,
we don't have any experience.
BECK: These two gentlemen have given us good presentations. I hope that
you'll contact them and discuss further questions and comments you may have
114
with them. Since I no longer live in Ohio, I can now say that Jim is a fine example
of quality craftsmanship in the pest control industry. This man has worked
well with governmental agencies for quite some time, and when you receive your
copy of the bird management guide, this is the man you have to thank for that.
US Prevention, Pesticides EPA 738-F-96-003
Environmental Protection And Toxic Substances September 1995
Agency (7508W)
R.E.D. FACTS
Starlicide
(3-chloro-p-toluidine
hydrochloride)
Pesticide
Reregistration
All pesticides sold or distributed in the United States must be
registered by EPA, based on scientific studies showing that they can be used
without posing unreasonable risks to people or the environment. Because of
advances in scientific knowledge, the law requires that pesticides which
were first registered years ago be reregistered to ensure that they meet
today's more stringent standards.
In evaluating pesticides for reregistration, EPA obtains and reviews a
complete set of studies from pesticide producers, describing the human
health and environmental effects of each pesticide. The Agency imposes
any regulatory controls that are needed to effectively manage each
pesticide's risks. EPA then reregisters pesticides that can be used without
posing unreasonable risks to human health or the environment.
When a pesticide is eligible for reregistration, EPA explains the basis
for its decision in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.
This fact sheet summarizes the information in the RED document for
reregistration case 2610, 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride or starlicide.
Use Profile Starlicide is an avicide used to control ravens, starlings, crows,
pigeons, cowbirds, grackles, magpies, and certain gull species. Use sites
vary by species but include livestock and poultry feedlots, building and
fenced noncrop areas, Federal and State wildlife refuges and protected
areas, gull colonies in coastal areas, and bird staging areas and roosting
sites.
Starlicide is formulated as a 98% powder to be applied to various
baits, and as a 0.1% ready-to-use product. It is applied in solution to
various baits (meat, grain, egg, french fries), allowed to dry, and placed in
bait boxes or trays or broadcast by various means in target areas.
Use practice limitations include the classification of all products
containing starlicide as restricted use, to be applied only by certified
applicators or persons under their supervision. Starlicide treated baits cannot
2
be applied within 50 feet of standing water and cannot be applied directly to
food or feed crops. There is a prohibition against grazing or planting crops
in treated areas within a year of application. Prebaiting must be done before
application to ensure that non-target or endangered species will not eat
treated baits.
Regulatory
History
Starlicide was first registered as a pesticide in the U.S. in 1967.
Currently, 15 starlicide products are registered, including 7 Federal and 8
state registrations
Human Health
Assessment
Toxicity
In studies using laboratory animals, starlicide has been shown to be of
moderate to high acute toxicity. Starlicide is moderately toxic by the oral
route and slightly toxic by the dermal route, placing it in Toxicity
Categories II and III, respectively for these effects. Although a study was
not provided, based on its other acute toxicity properties, starlicide is
presumed to be highly acutely toxic (Toxicity Category I) by the inhalation
route. It is corrosive to skin and eyes (also Toxicity Category I for these
effects) and is a mild to moderate skin sensitizer. Starlicide was not
mutagenic in three mutagenicity assays provided to the Agency, and is not a
carcinogen.
Dietary Exposure
Since starlicide is not used on food or feed crops or commodities, no
human dietary exposure is expected.
Occupational and Residential Exposure
Based on current use patterns, handlers (mixers, loaders, and
applicators) may be exposed to starlicide during the mixing of concentrate
with the various baits. Because of its high vapor pressure and presumed
high acute inhalation toxicity, the Agency has concern about the potential
for exposure to handlers mixing starlicide concentrate in one pound
quantities. However, the potential for post application exposure for persons
entering a treated site after application is minimal, and the Agency has no
post-application concerns.
Human Risk Assessment
Starlicide generally is of high acute toxicity, but is not a mutagen or a
carcinogen. There are no food or feed uses registered for starlicide, and no
human dietary exposure is expected.
Since there is some concern for handlers (mixers/loaders/applicators)
using one pound or more quantities of starlicide concentrate, the Agency has
concluded that the use of a respirator in these instances would minimize
exposure.
3
Environmental
Assessment
Environmental Fate
Starlicide does not hydrolyze, but does photodegrade in water, which,
based on available data, appears to be its primary route of dissipation in the
environment. Starlicide binds to organic matter in soils, but a complete
environmental fate assessment cannot be performed because the submitted
data was not adequate. The Agency is not requiring new studies, however,
because of the limited uses of starlicide and the extremely low volume of
active ingredient applied annually.
Ecological Effects Risk Assessment
Starlicide is very highly toxic to birds and freshwater invertebrates
and moderately toxic to freshwater fish. Starlicide is moderately toxic to
mammals. Data on toxicity to insects (honeybees) and non-target plants
were not required for starlicide.
Based on the data, non-target birds and mammals may be at risk from
eating starlicide treated bait (primary exposure), or, as scavengers and
predators, from consuming animals who have eaten treated baits (secondary
exposure). The risk to primary non-target bird populations is considered
high for all uses of starlicide, as is the risk to endangered small mammals in
areas treated with the highest application rates. Acute risk is also posed to
aquatic invertebrates.
Risk Mitigation To lessen the risks to non-target animals posed by starlicide, EPA is requiring the following risk mitigation measures.
• Prebaiting, which will lessen the risk of ingestion of treated baits by nontarget
species, will be required on all labels.
• Lower application rates - Because risk to endangered mammals and aquatic
invertebrates is highest at the maximum application rates, the highest rate
allowed for broadcast applications of starlicide treated baits will be 0.1 lbs./
acre.
• Buffer zones To lessen the potential for runoff which may pose acute risk to
aquatic invertebrates, treated baits must be placed at least 50 feet from bodies
of water.
Also, because of concern for inhalation exposure of mixers and loaders
to starlicide concentrate, the following is required:
• In addition to the personal protective equipment already on starlicide labels
(goggles and gloves), a respirator approved for pesticides must be worn by
persons mixing quantities of one pound or more of starlicide.
Additional Data
Requirements
The generic database supporting starlicide is substantially complete.
The Agency is still requiring product-specific data including product
chemistry and acute toxicity studies, revised Confidential Statements of
Formula (CSFs), and revised labeling for reregistration.
4
Product Labeling
Changes Required
All starlicide end-use products must comply with EPA's current
pesticide product labeling requirements. For the complete text of list of
labeling requirements, please see pp. 33-36 of the starlicide RED
document.
Regulatory
Conclusion
The use of currently registered products containing starlicide in
accordance with approved labeling will not pose unreasonable risks or
adverse effects to humans or the environment. Therefore, all uses of these
products are eligible for reregistration.
Starlicide products will be reregistered once the required productspecific
data, revised Confidential Statements of Formula, and revised
labeling are received and accepted by EPA.
For More
Information
EPA is requesting public comments on the Reregistration Eligibility
Decision (RED) document for starlicide during a 60-day time period, as
announced in a Notice of Availability published in the Federal Register. To
obtain a copy of the RED document or to submit written comments, please
contact the Pesticide Docket, Public Response and Program Resources
Branch, Field Operations Division (7506C), Office of Pesticide Programs
(OPP), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460, telephone 703-305-5805.
Electronic copies of the RED and this fact sheet can be downloaded
from the Pesticide Special Review and Reregistration Information System at
703-308-7224. They also are available on the Internet on EPA's gopher
server, GOPHER.EPA.GOV, or using ftp on FTP.EPA.GOV, or using
WWW (World Wide Web) on WWW.EPA.GOV.
Printed copies of the RED and fact sheet can be obtained from EPA's
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information
(EPA/NCEPI), PO Box 42419, Cincinnati, OH 45242-0419, telephone
513-489-8190, fax 513-489-8695.
Following the comment period, the starlicide RED document also will
be available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285
Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, telephone 703-487-4650.
For more information about EPA's pesticide reregistration program,
the starlicide RED, or reregistration of individual products containing
starlicide, please contact the Special Review and Reregistration Division
(7508W), OPP, US EPA, Washington, DC 20460, telephone 703-308-8000.
For information about the health effects of pesticides, or for assistance
in recognizing and managing pesticide poisoning symptoms, please contact
the National Pesticides Telecommunications Network (NPTN). Call tollfree
1-800-858-7378, between 9:30 am and 7:30 pm Eastern Standard
Time, Monday through Friday.
Starlicide and Sodium Fluoride
Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for
Bird Control Seminars Proceedings
University of Nebraska - Lincoln Year 1968
WETTING AGENTS AND THEIR
ROLE IN BLACKBIRD DAMAGE
CONTROL
Don Harke
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fremont, Ohio
This paper is posted at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmbirdcontrol/166
104
WETTING AGENTS AND THEIR ROLE
IN BLACKBIRD DAMAGE CONTROL
Don Harke
Assistant State Supervisor
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Fremont, Ohio
I just happened to think of an example when John was talking about firecracker
danger. In south Florida in the sweet corn fields they have "spray middles"
cut down through the fields, and at times some of the farm laborers will go
through these middles on a tractor with an apronful of these cherry bombs,
lighting them on their cigars or cigarettes, and throwing them out to chase the
birds. I did hear one case where the laborer lit one and apparently dropped it
back in his lap; the whole shebang went off and disemboweled him.
I'm going to speak on wetting agents, which are a class of surface-active
agents or surfactants along with soaps or detergents. I would like to second
John's philosophy on this balanced approach. Our blackbird problem in Ohio and
Michigan is sufficiently serious that we can scarcely afford to overlook any
measure of control.
Wetting agents are not a new happening on the blackbird damage control
scene. Actually since the early '60's we have been interested in finding the ideal
agent and method of application for lethal control of blackbirds, starlings, and
their roosts. The principle, as with so many other damage control techniques, is
relatively simple: get roosting birds wet enough when the weather is cold, the
temperature drops to 30 or so degrees, and they succumb to heart failure,
respiratory system failure, etc. In practice however, as in many other damage
control techniques, the story is not quite so easily told. The advent of the newer
biodegradable surfactants have all but eliminated one of the problems, that of
chronic water pollution. However numerous other problems must be solved
before this method can leave the drawing board.
Certain criteria must be met before specific wetting agents can qualify for
field trial. The candidate agent must be readily soluble in water, have maximum
wetting ability at moderate concentrations, degrade rapidly, have minimal toxicity
to fish, and maximum absorption on soils (this is to control water pollution in
underground systems). Somewhere there may exist a surfactant with all these
characteristics, and if anyone here knows what it might be, I'd like to know.
Turgitol 15S9 is the material which has been the most widely used in field
testing in a number of states; Georgia, Ohio, Tennessee, Arkansas. It has excellent
wetting abilities and under normal conditions degrades in about ten days.
105
But it is very toxic to fish. Little is known about its soil absorptive qualities.
This I might mention is important to us with our rural blackbird roosts in the
Sandusky Bay marshes and the general Lake Erie marshes; these roosts are composed
of redwinged blackbirds, grackles, and cowbirds.
Some of the sucrose esters are being worked with and they are considerably
less toxic to fish. But there's quite a bit of difficulty in getting them in aqueous
solutions which are needed to spray the material on the birds.
One of the confounding problems is how to get enough of the agent on the
birds to sufficiently wet them. Methods of application have ranged from herding
flocks of blackbirds through ground spray apparatus to applications of the
material with light aircraft and heavy aircraft, specifically Grumman AgCats (at
about 25 gallons per acre) and B-26 and C-123 aircraft at application rates of 900
gallons per acre. What it amounts to is that we need either high concentration at
low gallonage rates or the reverse of that followed by additional water drops. Or
in the case of a light plane which put out a minimum of wetting agents, we might
put this material on just prior to a cold front, allowing a natural rainfall to furnish
the required water.
There are some criteria which must be met before a roost can be treated:
there must be a high concentration of blackbirds in the roost, a low population of
desirable birds like ducks, robins, etc., and the drainage from the roost area not
be into a fish pond or river that abounds with fish. Also since some of these
wetting agents are phytotoxic, the roosting site must be of little value.
Directly comparing the light versus heavy aircraft- the light costs less, is
more accurate (they've had some misses with the heavier aircraft), and a considerably
more concentrated solution appears to be required. As John said, no one
control measure will solve the blackbird problem and only through diligent research
and field trials will we be able to come up with a wetting agent and a
method of application which may help us out with this problem.
I have some slides I'd like to show.
This is a roost at Johnstown, Ohio, just south of us here. It is a coniferous
tree roost, and at times there were 2 million birds here. The pond you see was
frozen over when the picture was taken, but there are quite a few fish in it. For
this reason we didn't think aerial application was desirable. We used a "standpipe"
method of getting the wetting agent onto the birds. These are pipes 21 feet tall;
there's a spray head on the top; we have a hose network and an educer valve
which goes into the tank of wetting agent. We used a fire truck which pumped
the water through this educer valve, then sucked the wetting agent up, and
diluted it to a predetermined concentration. At night water cascaded out of these
spray nozzles. A group of us went back through the trees, and herded the birds
through this curtain of spray; sometimes we did some good and sometimes we
didn't.
This shows a floodlight arrangement we used. Some of you may know of
floodlight traps that were used in various situations against roosts. We put this
bank of floodlights in front of the curtain of spray to attract the birds into that
area so that they would fly through the spray.
106
This is in Georgia, Moody Air Force Base—a roost which contains millions
of birds. Some of you may know of the problem there with bird—aircraft strike
hazards. Here is a B-26 which was used to literally dump wetting agent on the
birds in the roost; it has two 500 gallon tanks and was capable of putting out
900 to 1000 gallons per acre. Here are some cowbirds wet with the wetting
agent that were picked up after being wetted. You can see how wet their feathers
have become.
Thank you very much for you attention.
BECK: Don, stay up here please and we'll open this up to questions for either
you or me.
FITZWATER: Don, on your floodlights-are they set so they don't hit the
spray?
HARKE: Right.
FITZWATER: We had a little trouble. We had an interesting, small project in
Carlsbad, New Mexico where we ran standpipes out of irrigation hose just to the
top of some forty foot high mulberries. We had a population of about 3000
sparrows. We tied this into the water line, and had an inductor that brought the
detergent up through the lawn sprinkler heads. We only treated two trees and
tried to drive the birds into the trees. One of the trees was right by a street light
which the second night we did get turned off, but the first night you could see
the birds veer away from the spray because they could see it. But we had
interesting enough results that I think it's worth looking into.
HARKE: This is the problem we experienced—that the light was reflecting,
when we originally had it behind the curtain of wetting agent. The birds diverged
or went around the sides of the spray.
FRANCIS: Don, I'd like to ask you on these wetting agents—is there a seasonal
difference in the effectiveness of it. In other words will simply wetting the
birds be enough or must you have reasonable cool weather to have it work?
HARKE: Jim Caslick of the Division of Research has done most of the lab
work on this and he says a temperature of 50 degrees or less is required for
maximum mortality.
BRINK: Don, I wonder if you have, or can see in the picture any answer to
that Moody Air Force Base situation?
HARKE: No, not in the immediate future. I think John Seubert could give
you more information on that.
107
SEUBERT: Moody is a particular problem because the roost is a large one and
the bird densities are quite low. But again if we had the right type of agent
Moody would be an ideal place for use because the land is under federal control.
BROWN: We have these exploders banging away all over the orchards of southern
Ontario and they have absolutely no effect on robins. I might suggest that one
possibility is this: that the robins actually learn by the sound of the exploders
that there is ripe fruit available! (laugh)
BECK: Well, according to Pavlov that is quite possible.
LIEB: With this Castalia roost and the weather being what it is, have you done
anything successfully down there to move those birds to protect the corn?
HARKE: Which Castalia roost?
LIEB: The roost affecting the corn growers in the Castalia-Sandusky area.
HARKE: Have we done anything with wetting agents?
LIEB: Well, have you done anything at all to successfully move them because
they don't seem to have as much of a problem this year as they did last year?
Maybe they did something, I don't know.
HARKE: I've been putting out lethal baits in that area, but I certainly don't
presume that I've put out enough to halt bird damage. I don't really know.
LIEB: To make you feel good, I think you have, because some of the farmers
down there say they don't have half the problems they've had. They have fewer
birds, but they don't know who's doing it, and they don't want to know.
HARKE: That's what they've been telling me.
RUSSELL: What was the wetting agent you gave as an example that was toxic to
fish?
HARKE: Turgitol 15S9, a Union Carbide product.
OCHS: Do you have any that aren't toxic?
HARKE: We'd like to know that, too.
BECK: Now come on. You know that some of them that we think basically
are not toxic do have some toxic effects on aquatic invertebrates, don't they?
108
OCHS: John, most of the surfactants heretofore have been classed as inert ingredients.
Therefore we have damn little information on surfactants per se. We
can surmise the effect and do as we darn well please, but until we have data to
support what we may think, we have nothing.
STECKEL: You've been in Washington too long, Paul. (laugh)
BECK: We do thank you for your attention on these two topics. I advise you to
corner Don Harke and get better acquainted with him; I think you're going to see
this young man's name and some of his results for a considerable period of time.
Let's give him a hand.
The next topics we're interested in here are primarily feed lot problems,
and we're comparing sodium fluoride and Starlicide. Actually I think we should
say DRC-1339 which is a code number for a particular chemical. We're comparing
the technical grade of that chemical as used by our Denver research people
with sodium fluoride. I don't think we should say we're comparing starlicide
which is a registered commercial product with sodium fluoride. We're actually
comparing two chemicals, so even though Starlicide is mentioned I think we
should limit our remarks to the technical grade of the compound known as DRC-
1339.
The next two speakers are friends of mine; one is a new friend and the
other is a friend of long standing. John De Grazio is a member of our Denver
research team and is another one of our young men who will be heard from for a
long time to come. John has done a lot of work, as have his associates, and he
deserves a lot of credit. I'm sure you'll enjoy hearing from John.
The second man who will speak is Jim Steckel. All of the pest control
operators know him, and most of us bureaucratic drones know him also. Jim is
going to present sodium fluoride, its possibilities and its uses. When we finish
these two, we'll have questions. John De Grazio.
Wildlife damage control
EXCERPT:
Sodium Fluoroacetate - Compound 1080: Sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) is a naturally-occurring organic fluorine compound extracted from the West African plant "ratbane" (Dichapetalum toxicarium). In the past, Compound 1080 was registered for controlling canids, commensal rodents, and field rodents. Currently its single registration is for use in the livestock protection collar (LPC) for controlling coyotes preying on sheep and goats. The LPC is a small rubber collar, worn by sheep or goats, that contains two small reservoirs of the toxin. It is selective for individual problem animals, since it is only administered when the coyote punctures the bladder during the act of biting the throat of the collared animal.
Sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) Livestock Protection Collar EPA Reg. No. 56228-22
•User Manual - Introduction, Contents, Do's and Don'ts (30K)
Proof Flouride Kills Your Brain youtube (Alex Jones)
Don't Inject Me The Swine Flu Vaccine Song Lyrics included
LYRICS
The swine flu's comin' back
like a viral attack
It's like '76, you gotta cover ya back
But not with a vaccine don't give in to that
Because those medical quacks
are makin money off that
They wanna inject you, infect you with the vaccine
They say they protect but they reject your immunity
And if you protest they arrest you and they lock you down
Can't have people like that walkin' around
Contagious
The truth is outrageous
Don't you know the drug companies made this flu
And if you're thinkin' you wanna evade this
Then you gotta say this
Don't inject me
Don't infect me
Don't stick that needle in my arm and chemically wreck me
Don't inject me
Don't infect me
Don't stick that needle in my veins and medically wreck me
Don't use me
Don't abuse me
Don't push your medical lies and try to confuse me
Don't trick me
Don't you dick me
With that needle in ya hand don't you dare try to prick me
Don't you know the swine flu is made by man
Pharmaceutical scam
It's all part of the Big Brother population plan
But the thing I don't understand
is why they in Mexico City
in an unmarked military van
They don't want you to see the remedies
you can stop influenza with vitamin D for free
Herbal medicine is all that you need
But they can't charge a fifty dollar fee
Unless
They inject you
They infect you
They stick that needle in your arm
and chemically wreck you
They use you
They abuse you
They say they're saving your life while they really confuse you
All you parents grab your kids
And shoot 'em up just like guinea pigs
Inject your teens and your babies in the crib
And when they get paralyzed
That's when you realize
There's no way to undo what you did
The big drug companies are makin' a killing
Collectin' the billions and gettin' away like a James Bond villain
cause they're willin' to do almost anything
Just to make money with the flu vaccine
Song and Lyrics © 2009 by Michael Adams, All Rights Reserved
Mercury in fillings
EXCERPT:
Dental Amalgam Mercury Fillings
Dental Amalgam Fillings, sometimes called “silver amalgams,” are actually half mercury. They are a time-release poison, a major source of mercury to those who have them. DAMS stands for Dental Amalgam Mercury Solutions and it is a non-profit organization based in Minnesota, in the United States, educating the public on mercury amalgams and other ways that dentistry may affect health.
This web page version is dated December 17, 2009. www.amalgam.org is a historic web site on the mercury amalgam issue, first set up in March 1997. More content and more links are being developed.
Are there high levels of fluoride in foods?
Are There High Levels of
Fluoride in Foods?
January 13, 2007: A presentation was hosted by the
Citizens for Safe Drinking Water, an anti-fluoridationist
group. At this meeting, there was again a display of food
products labeled with the following high fluoride
contents:
Gerber Berry Juice 3.00 parts per million (ppm)
Gerber White Grape Juice 6.80 ppm
Fruit Loops 2.10 ppm
General Mills Wheaties 10.10 ppm
Kellogg's Shredded Wheat 9.40 ppm
Post Grapenuts Cereal 6.40 ppm
Cabbage 45.00 ppm
Citrus Fruits 95.00 ppm
Lettuce 180.00 ppm
The attached letter was written in response to similar claims made prior to 2004. The letter is written by Dr. Steven Levy, an expert on fluorides, who has many peer-reviewed articles specific to fluoride. Dr. Levy tested food products for fluoride content and included the results within this letter.
Perhaps it's time for the Citizens for Safe Drinking Water to quit disseminating this false information.
Post Office Box 3710
Wilsonville, Oregon 97070-3710
(503) 218-2010
Fax (503) 218-2009
February 13, 2004
I write as a concerned citizen and scientist regarding the three pages of materials you recently faxed me about fluoride, fluoridation, and fluoride levels of foods and beverages. I believe the information was quoted as originally coming from Citizens for Safe Drinking Water and others.
As you know, I have spent much of my professional career trying to better understand the fluoride levels of foods and beverages and fluoride intake from other sources. We have received eight different NIH grants related to this and are working on a grant application to continue this work. We have followed a
group of nearly 1,000 children longitudinally from birth to current ages 9-12 and are studying dental caries, dental fluorosis, and bone development related to fluoride and other factors. We have tested thousands of foods and beverages for fluoride content over the past 10 years.
Because of both my familiarity with published and unpublished findings and our extensive research concerning fluoride levels of foods/beverages, I was very surprised and concerned to see isolated data (probably from a single laboratory in July 1960) reportedly showing three different brand name cereals with fluoride levels of 6.4, 9.4, and 10.1 ppm, respectively. These are completely out of line with all other published and unpublished findings. In addition, the 2.1 ppm value for Fruit Loops seemed too high. The fluoride levels of dry cereals and of milk have consistently been much lower than these stated values, which naturally would contradict the whole presentation saying “a bowl of Wheaties, a glass of
milk, and a Coke or orange juice delivers twice the fluoride salesman’s daily goal of fluoridation.”
Obviously, there is no information on these pages to fully understand the origins of the claims (dates, labs, etc.). (Note that whoever prepared these documents also made a major error in using the faulty values. Even if the fluoride levels were correct, the 232% excess is off by 100%.)
Because of our concern for the validity of these data and the statement above, we decided to purchase and test for fluoride content several of the same cereals, milk, and a few extra similar cereals (but different brands). We purchased them locally and assayed them (in September 2001), using the same methods we’ve used in our other published work. The results are very consistent with our previous assays of similar products and other published, scientific results, and are very much lower than those high levels stated on the sheet you sent.
Specifically, the results were:
FOOD LABEL FOOD ITEM PRODUCT PPM CSDW claims
41 Wheaties 0.4 10.10
42 2% Milk 0.04
43 Grapenuts 0.6 6.40
44 Original Shredded Wheat—Large 0.9 9.40
45 Mini-Wheats—Frosted, Bite-size 0.5
46 Original Shredded Wheat—Small 0.6
47 HyVee Nutty Nuggets 0.3
48 Cheerios 0.9
49 Fruit Loops with Lemon Stripes 0.6 2.10
Based on these current findings, I feel even stronger that it is very unfortunate and inappropriate for the data on the sheets to be disseminated further or provide the basis for discussion of water fluoridation policy. One would need to eat a couple of boxes of cereal to get to the fluoride levels mentioned for the
“one bowl of Wheaties”, etc. And I had never before seen any human, cow, or other animal milk fluoride level that wasn’t very low. Our 0.04 level for the 2% milk is consistent with all previous studies and only about 5-6% of that listed value of 0.72 ppm.
In summary on this, I believe strongly that the fluoride values on the sheets you showed me are erroneous and must be discarded/discounted in any discussions about fluorides and fluoridation.
Overall, in summary, I strongly endorse continued use and expansion of community water fluoridation. It is a great public health measure and was reaffirmed in MMWR (August 17, 2001) by the CDC and external experts as the most efficient and cost-effective means of caries prevention.
Please contact me if I can provide additional information.
Sincerely,
Steven M. Levy, DDS, MPH
Professor and Principal Investigator, Iowa Fluoride Study
Liquids (Juices) CSDW
claims
1. Gerber Banana Strawberry Juice Medley from conc. – some grape 1.11 ppm
2. Gerber Apple Carrot Juice from conc. 0.95 ppm
3. Gerber Pear Juice from conc. 1.04 ppm
4. Gerber Apple Grape Juice from conc. 1.17 ppm
5. Gerber Mixed Fruit Juice from conc (apple, pineapple, and orange) 0.90 ppm
6. Gerber Apple Banana Juice 1.15 ppm
7. Welch’s 100% Red Grape Juice from conc. 0.40 ppm
8. Orchard Hill Grape Juice from conc. 1.57 ppm
9. Welch’s 100% Grape from Concord Grapes 0.33 ppm
10. Gerber 100% White Grape Juice from conc. 1.13 ppm 6.80 ppm
11. Gerber 100% Apple Cherry Juice 1.35 ppm
12. Libby’s Juicy Juice 100% Grape Juice (apple and grape) 1.43 ppm
13. Minute Maid (Disney) 100% Juice (apple, white grape, pear, red
grape) 0.39 ppm
14. Welch’s Grape Drink – 10% juice 0.20 ppm
15. Libby’s Juicy Juice 100% Juice (white grape and apple) 0.44 ppm
16. Welch’s 100% White Grape Juice 0.43 ppm
17. Libby’s Juicy Juice 100% Grape Juice 1.15 ppm
18. Old Orchard White Grape 100% Juice from conc. 0.61 ppm
19. HiC Grabbin Grape Drink 0.18 ppm
Solids (still finalizing calculations, but here are estimates)
1. Post Grape Nuts 0.56 ppm 6.40 ppm
2. Wheaties 0.39 ppm 10.10 ppm
3. Post Shredded Wheat 0.45 ppm 9.40 ppm
4. Contadina Tomato Paste 0.49 ppm
5. Hunts Tomato Paste 0.27 ppm
6. Organic Leaf Lettuce – washed 0.32 ppm
7. Organic Leaf Lettuce – unwashed 0.72 ppm 180.00 ppm
8. Iceberg Head Lettuce – outer layer 0.14 ppm
9. Iceberg Head Lettuce – middle layer 0.08 ppm
10. Iceberg Head Lettuce – inner layer 0.08 ppm
Fluoride in cereal
EXCERPT:
PFPC NEWSLETTER #6 - "Fluoride in Cereals"
November 6, 2000
Copyright 2000 (feel free to distribute)
IN THIS ISSUE:
1) INTRODUCTION
2) CEREALS IN CHINA
3) SPIN DOCTORS/DRESS ME UP
4) SOME CEREAL HISTORY
5) SUGAR SUGAR
6) 1999 STATEMENT BY THE AUSTRALIAN PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
1) INTRODUCTION
Every day children all over the world have a cereal not only for
breakfast, but also for lunch, and often as a snack between meals. While
the word 'cereal' denotes a food made from grain, many cereals cannot be
considered a "food" at all. For example, Kellogg's "Sugar Smacks" contain
over 50% sugar. When compared to other high-sugar foods and snacks, it
should really be called a "candy". What little grain is left in it has been
robbed of its nourishment and contains high amounts of fluoride, as well as
other toxins. They also contain phytates (inositol hexaphosphate) which are
known - as is fluoride - to bind dietary zinc and iron and render them
unavailable for absorption. Phytates also bind calcium to form insoluble
calcium phytate. Incidentally, zinc and iron deficiencies are considered
the world's most prevalent nutritional deficiencies.
In the US, fluoride levels ranging from 2.1 mg/kg in "Kellogg's Fruit
Loops" to 9.4mg/kg in Shredded Wheat have been documented.
Where does the fluoride in cereals come from? A mere glance at the titles
in this REF SET will give an idea:
PLANTS
http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/plants.html
While you read the information below, PLEASE keep in mind that there are
ongoing fluoridation efforts in the US, Canada and elsewhere, so that
children can at least (!) get the daily fluoride dose deemed "optimal" for
cavity prevention. This dose was set in the 1940's at 1mg/day, presuming
that the average person drinking four glasses of water a day could thus
obtain this "optimal" dose.
Also, the info here deals with cereals only, NOT any other source...
Best to all, and for those of you in the US - good luck on Nov.7th!
Andreas Schuld
Head, Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children (PFPC)
Vancouver, BC, Canada
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) CEREALS IN CHINA:
In China, endemic fluoride poisoning occurs in 1,230 counties and cities
in 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, threatening over
200 million people. Kaschin-Beck Disease (KBD) is found in over 315
counties and cities in 14 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities,
and affects 34 million people. In seriously affected areas, the incidence
amongst youth and children is over 50%, and in the most seriously affected
areas, over 80%. The Chinese Government acknowledges fluoride to be cause
of KBD, normally thought of as being due to selenium deficiency.
During the 2nd Chinese total diet investigation in the years 1992 and
1993 it came to light that ALL cereals (except those from one area in the
South) exceeded fluoride tolerance levels by 11.9 to 95.3% (tolerance
levels set, like MCL in water - as if no other source existed - to 4
mg/kg), meaning levels were up to 7.81 mg/kg. (Chen & Gao, 1997)
Fluoride victims
EXCERPT:
Mr Collies is a Church of Ireland clergyman whose rectory is on the edge of Lough Neagh, the largest lake in these islands and due for fluoride treatment.
His wife, a pharmacist, said: 'When my son Stephen's molars were erupting, the dentist painted them with fluoride gel, without consulting me. Two months later the teeth came through with a weird yellow colour. Something had damaged the enamel. A corner a broke off. I felt so angry, after years of denying him sweets and fizzy drinks.
'Later, a piece broke off another tooth - in a child who never had a filling. Last night I saw another hole in the first tooth.
'Stevens sister Ruth, who is seven, has been set school essays on the benefits of fluoride. Propaganda!'
The Grahams, who have two toddlers, are equally incensed. New Yorkers who emigrated to Ireland seeking tranquillity, they thought they had found it in a restored Ulster farmhouse with a view of the Mourne mountains.
Historical archives
THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA
868 JUNE 2, 1962
Cortes:Ton Dente
FLUORIDATION OF WATER SUPPLIES
SIR: I am a graduate of the University of Melbourne,
and am now living in retirement after practising as an
eye, ear, nose and throat specialist here in Canberra, the
national capital of Australia, for over 25 years. Since I
retired from active practice ten years ago I have made a
deep study of the evil effects on human health that are
caused by adding artificial sodium fluoride to public water
supplies, and here are some relevant facts which I have
learnt about fluoridation and its many dangers.
1. Sir Stanton Hicks, ex-Professor of Physiology and
Pharmacology at the University of Adelaide, in an A.B.C.
broadcast in May, 1955, emphasized that sodium fluoride,
when added to water supplies even in solution of one part
of fluorine to a million parts of water, is a highly toxic,
cumulative poison that is stored up in the brain and all
other vital organs inside the human body, year after year,
and for which there is no known antidote.
Posted for noncommercial historical preservation and educational use only by seleneriverpress.com
2. Dr. Leo Spira, M.D., in active practice in Vienna,
reported five years ago that large numbers of his patients
who had been drinking, bathing in and cooking with fluoride
water for a period of ten years, now had yellow, brown and
even black teeth (fluorosis); hardening of their eardrums
and incurable deafness; exophthalmic goitre, in an area
where goitre was unknown prior to the addition of sodium
fluoride to their water supplies. They also had advanced
arteriosclerosis of all their arteries, including the vital
coronary arteries supplying blood to the walls of the heart
itself, that led to sudden death from coronary occlusion in
their heart.
3. Dr. Max Gunn, D.D.S., Chief Dental Consultant at the
large Worcester Hospital, Boston, U.S.A., writing in Harper's
Magazine two years ago, gave full details of the evil
effects on human health that are caused by adding artificial
sodium fluoride to town water supplies, and he ended his
article with the arresting statement that fluoridation may
well prove to be the _most colossal blunder of the present
century.
4. The Minister of Health in the Province of Ontario.
Canada, Dr. Dymond, M.D., has stated that fluoride is the
introduction of a substance into the water supply of all
for the purpose of preventing a disease neither water-borne
nor communicable, for the benefit of one section of the
population. "If this principle is admitted . . . we have
opened a. door which the Province might never be able to
close". (Mass medication.)
5. The anti-fluoridation campaign, started three years ago
by 500 leading doctors, dentists and scientists in the U.S.A..
has now • become world-wide, and by the end of 1960, 1200
local councils had completely stopped the health-destroying
practice of adding sodium fluoride to their town water
supplies.
Sound nutrition is the only sure and safe way to provide
our children with sound teeth and sound health for the rest
of their lives. All mothers must now learn to feed their
families on a well-balanced, vitamin-rich diet in order to
achieve the best results. They must stop buying devitalized
white bread and over-refined white sugar—those two curses
of our modern civilization—and replace them with nourishing
whole-meal bread and delicious health-giving honey .
Instead of drinking injurious cups of tea before breakfast
each morning, both parents and children should have a
health-giving orange drink.
Delicious fruit and vegetable salads should be taken at
least once a day all the year round (the salad way to
health).
All mothers should teach their children to clean their
teeth properly by using the toothbrush up and down both
inside and out each night and morning, also to rinse their
mouths out well with cold water after each meal and then
eat a well-washed juicy apple which has been truly
described as "Nature's toothbrush".
44 Torrens Street,
Braddon,
Canberra, A.C.T.
March 30, 1962.
Yours, etc.,
A. J. CAHILL.
Posted for noncommercial historical preservation and educational use only by seleneriverpress.com
Fluoridation of water supplies med journal Australia 1962
Fluoride and the Nazis
EXCERPT:
"When the Nazis decided to go into Poland, the German General Staff and the Russian General Staff exchanged scientific and military ideas, plans and personnel. The scheme of mass control through water medication was seized upon by the Russian Communists because it fitted ideally into their plans to Communise the world. I say this in all earnestness and sincerity of a scientist who has spent nearly 20 years research into the chemistry, biochemistry, physiology and pathology of fluorides. Any person who drinks artificially fluoridated water for a period of one year or more will never again be the same person, mentally or physically."
When Major General Racey Jordan was in charge of the massive lend-lease airlift operations from Great Falls, Montana to Russia, via Alaska, he queried the trans-shipment of considerable amounts of sodium fluoride. He was told frankly that it was to put into the drinking water of the prisoner of war camps to take away their will to resist. It is also interesting that former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who has a background in academic chemistry, initiated a program involving astronomical expenditures of UK revenue on a fluoridation campaign in Northern Ireland.
Don't Inject Me The Swine Flu Vaccine Song Lyrics included
LYRICS
The swine flu's comin' back
like a viral attack
It's like '76, you gotta cover ya back
But not with a vaccine don't give in to that
Because those medical quacks
are makin money off that
They wanna inject you, infect you with the vaccine
They say they protect but they reject your immunity
And if you protest they arrest you and they lock you down
Can't have people like that walkin' around
Contagious
The truth is outrageous
Don't you know the drug companies made this flu
And if you're thinkin' you wanna evade this
Then you gotta say this
Don't inject me
Don't infect me
Don't stick that needle in my arm and chemically wreck me
Don't inject me
Don't infect me
Don't stick that needle in my veins and medically wreck me
Don't use me
Don't abuse me
Don't push your medical lies and try to confuse me
Don't trick me
Don't you dick me
With that needle in ya hand don't you dare try to prick me
Don't you know the swine flu is made by man
Pharmaceutical scam
It's all part of the Big Brother population plan
But the thing I don't understand
is why they in Mexico City
in an unmarked military van
They don't want you to see the remedies
you can stop influenza with vitamin D for free
Herbal medicine is all that you need
But they can't charge a fifty dollar fee
Unless
They inject you
They infect you
They stick that needle in your arm
and chemically wreck you
They use you
They abuse you
They say they're saving your life while they really confuse you
All you parents grab your kids
And shoot 'em up just like guinea pigs
Inject your teens and your babies in the crib
And when they get paralyzed
That's when you realize
There's no way to undo what you did
The big drug companies are makin' a killing
Collectin' the billions and gettin' away like a James Bond villain
cause they're willin' to do almost anything
Just to make money with the flu vaccine
Song and Lyrics © 2009 by Michael Adams, All Rights Reserved
Mercury in fillings
EXCERPT:
Dental Amalgam Mercury Fillings
Dental Amalgam Fillings, sometimes called “silver amalgams,” are actually half mercury. They are a time-release poison, a major source of mercury to those who have them. DAMS stands for Dental Amalgam Mercury Solutions and it is a non-profit organization based in Minnesota, in the United States, educating the public on mercury amalgams and other ways that dentistry may affect health.
This web page version is dated December 17, 2009. www.amalgam.org is a historic web site on the mercury amalgam issue, first set up in March 1997. More content and more links are being developed.
Are there high levels of fluoride in foods?
Are There High Levels of
Fluoride in Foods?
January 13, 2007: A presentation was hosted by the
Citizens for Safe Drinking Water, an anti-fluoridationist
group. At this meeting, there was again a display of food
products labeled with the following high fluoride
contents:
Gerber Berry Juice 3.00 parts per million (ppm)
Gerber White Grape Juice 6.80 ppm
Fruit Loops 2.10 ppm
General Mills Wheaties 10.10 ppm
Kellogg's Shredded Wheat 9.40 ppm
Post Grapenuts Cereal 6.40 ppm
Cabbage 45.00 ppm
Citrus Fruits 95.00 ppm
Lettuce 180.00 ppm
The attached letter was written in response to similar claims made prior to 2004. The letter is written by Dr. Steven Levy, an expert on fluorides, who has many peer-reviewed articles specific to fluoride. Dr. Levy tested food products for fluoride content and included the results within this letter.
Perhaps it's time for the Citizens for Safe Drinking Water to quit disseminating this false information.
Post Office Box 3710
Wilsonville, Oregon 97070-3710
(503) 218-2010
Fax (503) 218-2009
February 13, 2004
I write as a concerned citizen and scientist regarding the three pages of materials you recently faxed me about fluoride, fluoridation, and fluoride levels of foods and beverages. I believe the information was quoted as originally coming from Citizens for Safe Drinking Water and others.
As you know, I have spent much of my professional career trying to better understand the fluoride levels of foods and beverages and fluoride intake from other sources. We have received eight different NIH grants related to this and are working on a grant application to continue this work. We have followed a
group of nearly 1,000 children longitudinally from birth to current ages 9-12 and are studying dental caries, dental fluorosis, and bone development related to fluoride and other factors. We have tested thousands of foods and beverages for fluoride content over the past 10 years.
Because of both my familiarity with published and unpublished findings and our extensive research concerning fluoride levels of foods/beverages, I was very surprised and concerned to see isolated data (probably from a single laboratory in July 1960) reportedly showing three different brand name cereals with fluoride levels of 6.4, 9.4, and 10.1 ppm, respectively. These are completely out of line with all other published and unpublished findings. In addition, the 2.1 ppm value for Fruit Loops seemed too high. The fluoride levels of dry cereals and of milk have consistently been much lower than these stated values, which naturally would contradict the whole presentation saying “a bowl of Wheaties, a glass of
milk, and a Coke or orange juice delivers twice the fluoride salesman’s daily goal of fluoridation.”
Obviously, there is no information on these pages to fully understand the origins of the claims (dates, labs, etc.). (Note that whoever prepared these documents also made a major error in using the faulty values. Even if the fluoride levels were correct, the 232% excess is off by 100%.)
Because of our concern for the validity of these data and the statement above, we decided to purchase and test for fluoride content several of the same cereals, milk, and a few extra similar cereals (but different brands). We purchased them locally and assayed them (in September 2001), using the same methods we’ve used in our other published work. The results are very consistent with our previous assays of similar products and other published, scientific results, and are very much lower than those high levels stated on the sheet you sent.
Specifically, the results were:
FOOD LABEL FOOD ITEM PRODUCT PPM CSDW claims
41 Wheaties 0.4 10.10
42 2% Milk 0.04
43 Grapenuts 0.6 6.40
44 Original Shredded Wheat—Large 0.9 9.40
45 Mini-Wheats—Frosted, Bite-size 0.5
46 Original Shredded Wheat—Small 0.6
47 HyVee Nutty Nuggets 0.3
48 Cheerios 0.9
49 Fruit Loops with Lemon Stripes 0.6 2.10
Based on these current findings, I feel even stronger that it is very unfortunate and inappropriate for the data on the sheets to be disseminated further or provide the basis for discussion of water fluoridation policy. One would need to eat a couple of boxes of cereal to get to the fluoride levels mentioned for the
“one bowl of Wheaties”, etc. And I had never before seen any human, cow, or other animal milk fluoride level that wasn’t very low. Our 0.04 level for the 2% milk is consistent with all previous studies and only about 5-6% of that listed value of 0.72 ppm.
In summary on this, I believe strongly that the fluoride values on the sheets you showed me are erroneous and must be discarded/discounted in any discussions about fluorides and fluoridation.
Overall, in summary, I strongly endorse continued use and expansion of community water fluoridation. It is a great public health measure and was reaffirmed in MMWR (August 17, 2001) by the CDC and external experts as the most efficient and cost-effective means of caries prevention.
Please contact me if I can provide additional information.
Sincerely,
Steven M. Levy, DDS, MPH
Professor and Principal Investigator, Iowa Fluoride Study
Liquids (Juices) CSDW
claims
1. Gerber Banana Strawberry Juice Medley from conc. – some grape 1.11 ppm
2. Gerber Apple Carrot Juice from conc. 0.95 ppm
3. Gerber Pear Juice from conc. 1.04 ppm
4. Gerber Apple Grape Juice from conc. 1.17 ppm
5. Gerber Mixed Fruit Juice from conc (apple, pineapple, and orange) 0.90 ppm
6. Gerber Apple Banana Juice 1.15 ppm
7. Welch’s 100% Red Grape Juice from conc. 0.40 ppm
8. Orchard Hill Grape Juice from conc. 1.57 ppm
9. Welch’s 100% Grape from Concord Grapes 0.33 ppm
10. Gerber 100% White Grape Juice from conc. 1.13 ppm 6.80 ppm
11. Gerber 100% Apple Cherry Juice 1.35 ppm
12. Libby’s Juicy Juice 100% Grape Juice (apple and grape) 1.43 ppm
13. Minute Maid (Disney) 100% Juice (apple, white grape, pear, red
grape) 0.39 ppm
14. Welch’s Grape Drink – 10% juice 0.20 ppm
15. Libby’s Juicy Juice 100% Juice (white grape and apple) 0.44 ppm
16. Welch’s 100% White Grape Juice 0.43 ppm
17. Libby’s Juicy Juice 100% Grape Juice 1.15 ppm
18. Old Orchard White Grape 100% Juice from conc. 0.61 ppm
19. HiC Grabbin Grape Drink 0.18 ppm
Solids (still finalizing calculations, but here are estimates)
1. Post Grape Nuts 0.56 ppm 6.40 ppm
2. Wheaties 0.39 ppm 10.10 ppm
3. Post Shredded Wheat 0.45 ppm 9.40 ppm
4. Contadina Tomato Paste 0.49 ppm
5. Hunts Tomato Paste 0.27 ppm
6. Organic Leaf Lettuce – washed 0.32 ppm
7. Organic Leaf Lettuce – unwashed 0.72 ppm 180.00 ppm
8. Iceberg Head Lettuce – outer layer 0.14 ppm
9. Iceberg Head Lettuce – middle layer 0.08 ppm
10. Iceberg Head Lettuce – inner layer 0.08 ppm
Fluoride in cereal
EXCERPT:
PFPC NEWSLETTER #6 - "Fluoride in Cereals"
November 6, 2000
Copyright 2000 (feel free to distribute)
IN THIS ISSUE:
1) INTRODUCTION
2) CEREALS IN CHINA
3) SPIN DOCTORS/DRESS ME UP
4) SOME CEREAL HISTORY
5) SUGAR SUGAR
6) 1999 STATEMENT BY THE AUSTRALIAN PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
1) INTRODUCTION
Every day children all over the world have a cereal not only for
breakfast, but also for lunch, and often as a snack between meals. While
the word 'cereal' denotes a food made from grain, many cereals cannot be
considered a "food" at all. For example, Kellogg's "Sugar Smacks" contain
over 50% sugar. When compared to other high-sugar foods and snacks, it
should really be called a "candy". What little grain is left in it has been
robbed of its nourishment and contains high amounts of fluoride, as well as
other toxins. They also contain phytates (inositol hexaphosphate) which are
known - as is fluoride - to bind dietary zinc and iron and render them
unavailable for absorption. Phytates also bind calcium to form insoluble
calcium phytate. Incidentally, zinc and iron deficiencies are considered
the world's most prevalent nutritional deficiencies.
In the US, fluoride levels ranging from 2.1 mg/kg in "Kellogg's Fruit
Loops" to 9.4mg/kg in Shredded Wheat have been documented.
Where does the fluoride in cereals come from? A mere glance at the titles
in this REF SET will give an idea:
PLANTS
http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/plants.html
While you read the information below, PLEASE keep in mind that there are
ongoing fluoridation efforts in the US, Canada and elsewhere, so that
children can at least (!) get the daily fluoride dose deemed "optimal" for
cavity prevention. This dose was set in the 1940's at 1mg/day, presuming
that the average person drinking four glasses of water a day could thus
obtain this "optimal" dose.
Also, the info here deals with cereals only, NOT any other source...
Best to all, and for those of you in the US - good luck on Nov.7th!
Andreas Schuld
Head, Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children (PFPC)
Vancouver, BC, Canada
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) CEREALS IN CHINA:
In China, endemic fluoride poisoning occurs in 1,230 counties and cities
in 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, threatening over
200 million people. Kaschin-Beck Disease (KBD) is found in over 315
counties and cities in 14 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities,
and affects 34 million people. In seriously affected areas, the incidence
amongst youth and children is over 50%, and in the most seriously affected
areas, over 80%. The Chinese Government acknowledges fluoride to be cause
of KBD, normally thought of as being due to selenium deficiency.
During the 2nd Chinese total diet investigation in the years 1992 and
1993 it came to light that ALL cereals (except those from one area in the
South) exceeded fluoride tolerance levels by 11.9 to 95.3% (tolerance
levels set, like MCL in water - as if no other source existed - to 4
mg/kg), meaning levels were up to 7.81 mg/kg. (Chen & Gao, 1997)
Fluoride victims
EXCERPT:
Mr Collies is a Church of Ireland clergyman whose rectory is on the edge of Lough Neagh, the largest lake in these islands and due for fluoride treatment.
His wife, a pharmacist, said: 'When my son Stephen's molars were erupting, the dentist painted them with fluoride gel, without consulting me. Two months later the teeth came through with a weird yellow colour. Something had damaged the enamel. A corner a broke off. I felt so angry, after years of denying him sweets and fizzy drinks.
'Later, a piece broke off another tooth - in a child who never had a filling. Last night I saw another hole in the first tooth.
'Stevens sister Ruth, who is seven, has been set school essays on the benefits of fluoride. Propaganda!'
The Grahams, who have two toddlers, are equally incensed. New Yorkers who emigrated to Ireland seeking tranquillity, they thought they had found it in a restored Ulster farmhouse with a view of the Mourne mountains.
Historical archives
THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA
868 JUNE 2, 1962
Cortes:Ton Dente
FLUORIDATION OF WATER SUPPLIES
SIR: I am a graduate of the University of Melbourne,
and am now living in retirement after practising as an
eye, ear, nose and throat specialist here in Canberra, the
national capital of Australia, for over 25 years. Since I
retired from active practice ten years ago I have made a
deep study of the evil effects on human health that are
caused by adding artificial sodium fluoride to public water
supplies, and here are some relevant facts which I have
learnt about fluoridation and its many dangers.
1. Sir Stanton Hicks, ex-Professor of Physiology and
Pharmacology at the University of Adelaide, in an A.B.C.
broadcast in May, 1955, emphasized that sodium fluoride,
when added to water supplies even in solution of one part
of fluorine to a million parts of water, is a highly toxic,
cumulative poison that is stored up in the brain and all
other vital organs inside the human body, year after year,
and for which there is no known antidote.
Posted for noncommercial historical preservation and educational use only by seleneriverpress.com
2. Dr. Leo Spira, M.D., in active practice in Vienna,
reported five years ago that large numbers of his patients
who had been drinking, bathing in and cooking with fluoride
water for a period of ten years, now had yellow, brown and
even black teeth (fluorosis); hardening of their eardrums
and incurable deafness; exophthalmic goitre, in an area
where goitre was unknown prior to the addition of sodium
fluoride to their water supplies. They also had advanced
arteriosclerosis of all their arteries, including the vital
coronary arteries supplying blood to the walls of the heart
itself, that led to sudden death from coronary occlusion in
their heart.
3. Dr. Max Gunn, D.D.S., Chief Dental Consultant at the
large Worcester Hospital, Boston, U.S.A., writing in Harper's
Magazine two years ago, gave full details of the evil
effects on human health that are caused by adding artificial
sodium fluoride to town water supplies, and he ended his
article with the arresting statement that fluoridation may
well prove to be the _most colossal blunder of the present
century.
4. The Minister of Health in the Province of Ontario.
Canada, Dr. Dymond, M.D., has stated that fluoride is the
introduction of a substance into the water supply of all
for the purpose of preventing a disease neither water-borne
nor communicable, for the benefit of one section of the
population. "If this principle is admitted . . . we have
opened a. door which the Province might never be able to
close". (Mass medication.)
5. The anti-fluoridation campaign, started three years ago
by 500 leading doctors, dentists and scientists in the U.S.A..
has now • become world-wide, and by the end of 1960, 1200
local councils had completely stopped the health-destroying
practice of adding sodium fluoride to their town water
supplies.
Sound nutrition is the only sure and safe way to provide
our children with sound teeth and sound health for the rest
of their lives. All mothers must now learn to feed their
families on a well-balanced, vitamin-rich diet in order to
achieve the best results. They must stop buying devitalized
white bread and over-refined white sugar—those two curses
of our modern civilization—and replace them with nourishing
whole-meal bread and delicious health-giving honey .
Instead of drinking injurious cups of tea before breakfast
each morning, both parents and children should have a
health-giving orange drink.
Delicious fruit and vegetable salads should be taken at
least once a day all the year round (the salad way to
health).
All mothers should teach their children to clean their
teeth properly by using the toothbrush up and down both
inside and out each night and morning, also to rinse their
mouths out well with cold water after each meal and then
eat a well-washed juicy apple which has been truly
described as "Nature's toothbrush".
44 Torrens Street,
Braddon,
Canberra, A.C.T.
March 30, 1962.
Yours, etc.,
A. J. CAHILL.
Posted for noncommercial historical preservation and educational use only by seleneriverpress.com
Fluoridation of water supplies med journal Australia 1962
Fluoride and the Nazis
EXCERPT:
"When the Nazis decided to go into Poland, the German General Staff and the Russian General Staff exchanged scientific and military ideas, plans and personnel. The scheme of mass control through water medication was seized upon by the Russian Communists because it fitted ideally into their plans to Communise the world. I say this in all earnestness and sincerity of a scientist who has spent nearly 20 years research into the chemistry, biochemistry, physiology and pathology of fluorides. Any person who drinks artificially fluoridated water for a period of one year or more will never again be the same person, mentally or physically."
When Major General Racey Jordan was in charge of the massive lend-lease airlift operations from Great Falls, Montana to Russia, via Alaska, he queried the trans-shipment of considerable amounts of sodium fluoride. He was told frankly that it was to put into the drinking water of the prisoner of war camps to take away their will to resist. It is also interesting that former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who has a background in academic chemistry, initiated a program involving astronomical expenditures of UK revenue on a fluoridation campaign in Northern Ireland.
Mouthwash made in USA and Canada with FDA approval
EXCERPT:
How much fluoride do ACT Rinses and Mouthwashes contain?
In a 0.6 oz, 1 oz, 3 oz or 18 oz bottle, all ACT rinses and mouthwashes deliver 0.05% sodium fluoride, which is equivalent to 0.02% of the fluoride ion. The 33 oz bottles of Restoring Mouthwashes are 2x day formulas and contain 0.02% sodium fluoride, which is equivalent to 0.009% of the fluoride ion.
If my town has fluoridated water, could I get too much fluoride if I use ACT products?
The chances are very unlikely. Given the relatively low concentration of fluoride
in ACT products, and the fact that it’s not ingested, conditions associated with
over-fluoridation such as fluorosis are not considered to be an issue. Please
consult with your physician or dental professional about any health concerns you may have, as your physician is familiar with your personal medical history.
Where are ACT products manufactured? Do they contain harmful ingredients from China?
ACT is made in the United States and Canada at US FDA compliant facilities.
They do not contain the ingredient in question with the toothpaste made in China, which was recalled.
For any other questions about ACT products, please click here to contact us via email, or call 1-866-ACT-RINSE,
Griffiths and Bryson
EXCERPT:
FLUORIDE, TEETH, AND THE ATOMIC BOMB
By Joel Griffiths and Chris Bryson
Some fifty years after the United States began adding fluoride to public water supplies to reduce cavities in children's teeth, declassified government documents are shedding new light on the roots of that still-controversial public health measure, revealing a surprising connection between fluoride and the dawning of the nuclear age.
Today, two thirds of U.S. public drinking water is fluoridated. Many municipalities still resist the practice, disbelieving the government's assurances of safety.
Since the days of World War II, when this nation prevailed by building the world's first atomic bomb, U.S. public health leaders have maintained that low doses of fluoride are safe for people, and good for children's teeth.
That safety verdict should now be re-examined in the light of hundreds of once-secret WWII documents obtained by Griffiths and Bryson – including declassified papers of the Manhattan Project, the U.S. military group that built the atomic bomb.
Fighting Back Against Fluoride
EXCERPT:UK Councils Against Fluoridation
WHISTLE-BLOWERS
Got some inside information on fluoride fraud? Here's how to pass it on anonymously
CLICK HERE
The Lytle S Adams Memorial Award
This month's recipient -
Dr Alfred P Southwick
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
News and analysis of
recent developments
on Water Fluoridation
Fluoride floss
EXCERPTs:
Dentek Triple Clean Deep Cleaning Floss
Finally! A deep-cleaning floss that doesn't look (or feel!) like packing twine. Triple Clean Floss traps plaque and food between hundreds of tiny microfilaments for the deepest, most thorough clean we could find. We made it thin, so it fits better between tight contacts and resists shredding, and coated it with mint-flavored wax and fluoride for added slipperiness and cavity protection.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dentek Complete Clean Textured Easy Sliding Floss
Complete Clean Floss achieves the delicate balance between deep-cleaning performance and gentleness. We took two strands of easy-sliding floss and twisted them together, creating a pocket-like texture that grabs plaque and food particles from deep between your teeth. The slippery material slides easily between contacts to protect your gums, and the twisted design means no sharp edges and superior plaque removal. Then we waxed it for a firmer grip, added fluoride for extra cavity protection, and made it minty for a tastier flossing experience.
Reach Fluoride Waxed Dental Floss
EXCERPT:
Product Description
Better than ever! Slides more easily. Extra shed resistant. Fluoride Formula Dental Floss cleans between teeth and along the gum line, where cavities and gum disease can start. Flossing has been clinically proven to remove plaque between teeth to help prevent gum disease.
False Advertising
EXCERPT:
False advertising or deceptive advertising is the use of false or misleading statements in advertising. As advertising has the potential to persuade people into commercial transactions that they might otherwise avoid, many governments around the world use regulations to control false, deceptive or misleading advertising. Truth in labeling refers to essentially the same concept, that customers have the right to know what they are buying, and that all necessary information should be on the label.
Example of False advertising
EXCERPT:
Keeping kids' teeth healthy requires more than just daily brushing. During a routine well-child exam, you may be surprised to find the doctor examining your child's teeth and asking you about your water supply. That's because fluoride, a substance that's found naturally in water, plays an important role in healthy tooth development and cavity prevention.
Mouthwash and fluoride
EXCERPT:
Fluoride Mouthwashes
One important variety of mouthwash is the one containing fluoride. This kind can be used by individuals having an excessive tendency to tooth decay, or those living in areas having inadequate fluoride in their water supply. This method of fluoride enhancement is simple and very effective in preventing tooth decay.
Resources
"Mouth Rinses" from http://www.drjay.com/rinses.htm
"What about Mouthwashes" from Dr. Vaswani's Dental Page @ http://members.rediff.com/deepakvaswani/index.htm
Lytle T. Adams
Dr. Lytle Adams' incendiary "bat bomb" of World War II.
Christen AG, Christen JA.
Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University Nicotine Dependence Program, Indiana University Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, USA.
Abstract
On December 7, 1941, a 60-year old dentist from Irwin, Pennsylvania, Dr. Lytle S. Adams, was driving home from a vacation at Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico. Hours earlier, he had been gripped with amazement as he witnessed millions of bats exiting the caves of Carlsbad. Listening to his car radio on his return trip, he was shocked to hear that Japan had just attacked Pearl Harbor. Dr. Adams, outraged over this travesty, began to mentally construct a plan for U.S. retaliation. As his thoughts returned to the countless bats that had awed him, he formed a tentative plan: millions of these small, flying mammals could be connected to tiny, time-fused incendiary bombs, and then released to land on the flimsily constructed structures which dotted the cities of Japan. Within a few minutes, the bombs would explode and enflame the entire urban areas. He postulated that these immeasurable numbers of fires, spreading their devastation over such vast areas within Japanese cities would result in the enemy's speedy surrender. This article documents the futile efforts of Dr. Adams, his team and the U.S. government to develop and employ an effective, incendiary bat bomb. The recently developed atom bomb, a far more deadly weapon was used in its place.
Human rights and Fluoridation pdf file 12 pages]
EXCERPT:
The application of human rights legislation
to the practice of water fluoridation
Douglas Cross, BSc, CBiol, EurProBiol, FSB 1
Forensic Ecologist
January 2010
( http://www.ukcaf.org/files/human_rights_civil_liberties_and_water_fluoridati.pdf )
1. The ethical controversy over water fluoridation.
Much of the claimed ethical support for fluoridation relies on the use of emotional language to persuade the public and the medical profession of the morality of the practice. Proponents claim that the physiological need for fluoride, especially among socially deprived and disadvantaged children, is such that objections to fluoridation by non-consenting members of the public are, by implication,
morally unacceptable. Proponents speak passionately of the distress of infants exposed to traumatic and even life-threatening tooth extractions under general anaesthetics to remove their ‘diseased bodyparts’ (carious teeth), and alleging that many children are permanently damaged and may even die during such operations.
In fact, tooth extractions on children under general anaesthetics in dental surgeries was banned in the UK in November 1999. Since then, the death of children as the result of such operations in hospitals has become extremely rare. This is so even though the UK has a higher referral rate for such operations than most European countries, where less invasive procedures are preferred.
Objections to water fluoridation are often expressed on the grounds that such non-consensual medication violates their human rights. The political and institutional conflicts raised by such enforced medication have been discussed in the past (for example, see Balog 2, Cross and Carton 3 , Nuffield Council on Bioethics 4), and I believe that there are persuasive ethical arguments against this practice.
However, as in other aspects of the controversial subject of water fluoridation, the human rights issues have been deliberately obscured by the introduction of irrelevant and in some instances deliberately diversionary arguments.
One of the most severe obstacles to rational examination of the conflicting ethical views on water fluoridation is the common failure to understand the difference between human rights and civil liberties.
This confusion is compounded by the invention of fictitious ‘rights’, opposition to which is argued to be a ‘violation of a child’s right to receive the claimed medical benefits of the practice. This argument forms the foundation of the arguments that fluoridation is an ethical public health intervention repeatedly forwarded by some promoters of the practice.5 In my view, this is a parody of the ethical 1 Independent Forensic Ecologist, Cumbria UK. Contact Tel +44 1229 885420
Email maverick65@tiscali.co.uk 2 Balog D. Fluoridation of Public Water Systems: Valid Exercise of State Police Power or Constitutional Violation? Pace environmental Law Review, 1997. http://www.fluoridation.com/legal.htm 3 Cross DW and Carton RJ. Fluoridation: A Violation of Medical Ethics and Human Rights.
Int J Occup Environ Health 2003;9:24–29 http://www.fluoridealert.org/carton-cross.pdf 4 Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Public health: ethical issues. ISBN 978-1-904384-17-5, November 2007 http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/Public_health_-_ethical_issues.pdf
5 Harris J. The ethics of fluoridation. 1989. British Fluoridation Society web site.
http://www.bfsweb.org/facts/ethics/ethicsharris.htm principles with which modern States are expected to comply, and has no foundation in either democratic codes of behaviour or in law.
2. Prohibition on criminal assault.
Regardless of the specific ethical issues raised by fluoridation, there are robustly established legalprohibitions on actions that cause damage to individuals. Under virtually all criminal codes, nonconsensual or unlicensed medical interventions against the individual are regarded as medical assault.
In English law such acts have been expressly forbidden since 1862, when the administration of any poisonous or noxious substance was proscribed under the Offences Against the Person Act.
With respect to the central issue in the fluoridation debate, that of the need for consent to be exposed to this product, this Act does not specify that consent to the administration of such a substance should be regarded as a mitigating factor - giving a person a poisonous substance is quite simply prohibited.
EXCERPT:
How much fluoride do ACT Rinses and Mouthwashes contain?
In a 0.6 oz, 1 oz, 3 oz or 18 oz bottle, all ACT rinses and mouthwashes deliver 0.05% sodium fluoride, which is equivalent to 0.02% of the fluoride ion. The 33 oz bottles of Restoring Mouthwashes are 2x day formulas and contain 0.02% sodium fluoride, which is equivalent to 0.009% of the fluoride ion.
If my town has fluoridated water, could I get too much fluoride if I use ACT products?
The chances are very unlikely. Given the relatively low concentration of fluoride
in ACT products, and the fact that it’s not ingested, conditions associated with
over-fluoridation such as fluorosis are not considered to be an issue. Please
consult with your physician or dental professional about any health concerns you may have, as your physician is familiar with your personal medical history.
Where are ACT products manufactured? Do they contain harmful ingredients from China?
ACT is made in the United States and Canada at US FDA compliant facilities.
They do not contain the ingredient in question with the toothpaste made in China, which was recalled.
For any other questions about ACT products, please click here to contact us via email, or call 1-866-ACT-RINSE,
Griffiths and Bryson
EXCERPT:
FLUORIDE, TEETH, AND THE ATOMIC BOMB
By Joel Griffiths and Chris Bryson
Some fifty years after the United States began adding fluoride to public water supplies to reduce cavities in children's teeth, declassified government documents are shedding new light on the roots of that still-controversial public health measure, revealing a surprising connection between fluoride and the dawning of the nuclear age.
Today, two thirds of U.S. public drinking water is fluoridated. Many municipalities still resist the practice, disbelieving the government's assurances of safety.
Since the days of World War II, when this nation prevailed by building the world's first atomic bomb, U.S. public health leaders have maintained that low doses of fluoride are safe for people, and good for children's teeth.
That safety verdict should now be re-examined in the light of hundreds of once-secret WWII documents obtained by Griffiths and Bryson – including declassified papers of the Manhattan Project, the U.S. military group that built the atomic bomb.
Fighting Back Against Fluoride
EXCERPT:UK Councils Against Fluoridation
WHISTLE-BLOWERS
Got some inside information on fluoride fraud? Here's how to pass it on anonymously
CLICK HERE
The Lytle S Adams Memorial Award
This month's recipient -
Dr Alfred P Southwick
CLICK HERE FOR MORE
News and analysis of
recent developments
on Water Fluoridation
Fluoride floss
EXCERPTs:
Dentek Triple Clean Deep Cleaning Floss
Finally! A deep-cleaning floss that doesn't look (or feel!) like packing twine. Triple Clean Floss traps plaque and food between hundreds of tiny microfilaments for the deepest, most thorough clean we could find. We made it thin, so it fits better between tight contacts and resists shredding, and coated it with mint-flavored wax and fluoride for added slipperiness and cavity protection.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dentek Complete Clean Textured Easy Sliding Floss
Complete Clean Floss achieves the delicate balance between deep-cleaning performance and gentleness. We took two strands of easy-sliding floss and twisted them together, creating a pocket-like texture that grabs plaque and food particles from deep between your teeth. The slippery material slides easily between contacts to protect your gums, and the twisted design means no sharp edges and superior plaque removal. Then we waxed it for a firmer grip, added fluoride for extra cavity protection, and made it minty for a tastier flossing experience.
Reach Fluoride Waxed Dental Floss
EXCERPT:
Product Description
Better than ever! Slides more easily. Extra shed resistant. Fluoride Formula Dental Floss cleans between teeth and along the gum line, where cavities and gum disease can start. Flossing has been clinically proven to remove plaque between teeth to help prevent gum disease.
False Advertising
EXCERPT:
False advertising or deceptive advertising is the use of false or misleading statements in advertising. As advertising has the potential to persuade people into commercial transactions that they might otherwise avoid, many governments around the world use regulations to control false, deceptive or misleading advertising. Truth in labeling refers to essentially the same concept, that customers have the right to know what they are buying, and that all necessary information should be on the label.
Example of False advertising
EXCERPT:
Keeping kids' teeth healthy requires more than just daily brushing. During a routine well-child exam, you may be surprised to find the doctor examining your child's teeth and asking you about your water supply. That's because fluoride, a substance that's found naturally in water, plays an important role in healthy tooth development and cavity prevention.
Mouthwash and fluoride
EXCERPT:
Fluoride Mouthwashes
One important variety of mouthwash is the one containing fluoride. This kind can be used by individuals having an excessive tendency to tooth decay, or those living in areas having inadequate fluoride in their water supply. This method of fluoride enhancement is simple and very effective in preventing tooth decay.
Resources
"Mouth Rinses" from http://www.drjay.com/rinses.htm
"What about Mouthwashes" from Dr. Vaswani's Dental Page @ http://members.rediff.com/deepakvaswani/index.htm
Lytle T. Adams
Dr. Lytle Adams' incendiary "bat bomb" of World War II.
Christen AG, Christen JA.
Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University Nicotine Dependence Program, Indiana University Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, USA.
Abstract
On December 7, 1941, a 60-year old dentist from Irwin, Pennsylvania, Dr. Lytle S. Adams, was driving home from a vacation at Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico. Hours earlier, he had been gripped with amazement as he witnessed millions of bats exiting the caves of Carlsbad. Listening to his car radio on his return trip, he was shocked to hear that Japan had just attacked Pearl Harbor. Dr. Adams, outraged over this travesty, began to mentally construct a plan for U.S. retaliation. As his thoughts returned to the countless bats that had awed him, he formed a tentative plan: millions of these small, flying mammals could be connected to tiny, time-fused incendiary bombs, and then released to land on the flimsily constructed structures which dotted the cities of Japan. Within a few minutes, the bombs would explode and enflame the entire urban areas. He postulated that these immeasurable numbers of fires, spreading their devastation over such vast areas within Japanese cities would result in the enemy's speedy surrender. This article documents the futile efforts of Dr. Adams, his team and the U.S. government to develop and employ an effective, incendiary bat bomb. The recently developed atom bomb, a far more deadly weapon was used in its place.
Human rights and Fluoridation pdf file 12 pages]
EXCERPT:
The application of human rights legislation
to the practice of water fluoridation
Douglas Cross, BSc, CBiol, EurProBiol, FSB 1
Forensic Ecologist
January 2010
( http://www.ukcaf.org/files/human_rights_civil_liberties_and_water_fluoridati.pdf )
1. The ethical controversy over water fluoridation.
Much of the claimed ethical support for fluoridation relies on the use of emotional language to persuade the public and the medical profession of the morality of the practice. Proponents claim that the physiological need for fluoride, especially among socially deprived and disadvantaged children, is such that objections to fluoridation by non-consenting members of the public are, by implication,
morally unacceptable. Proponents speak passionately of the distress of infants exposed to traumatic and even life-threatening tooth extractions under general anaesthetics to remove their ‘diseased bodyparts’ (carious teeth), and alleging that many children are permanently damaged and may even die during such operations.
In fact, tooth extractions on children under general anaesthetics in dental surgeries was banned in the UK in November 1999. Since then, the death of children as the result of such operations in hospitals has become extremely rare. This is so even though the UK has a higher referral rate for such operations than most European countries, where less invasive procedures are preferred.
Objections to water fluoridation are often expressed on the grounds that such non-consensual medication violates their human rights. The political and institutional conflicts raised by such enforced medication have been discussed in the past (for example, see Balog 2, Cross and Carton 3 , Nuffield Council on Bioethics 4), and I believe that there are persuasive ethical arguments against this practice.
However, as in other aspects of the controversial subject of water fluoridation, the human rights issues have been deliberately obscured by the introduction of irrelevant and in some instances deliberately diversionary arguments.
One of the most severe obstacles to rational examination of the conflicting ethical views on water fluoridation is the common failure to understand the difference between human rights and civil liberties.
This confusion is compounded by the invention of fictitious ‘rights’, opposition to which is argued to be a ‘violation of a child’s right to receive the claimed medical benefits of the practice. This argument forms the foundation of the arguments that fluoridation is an ethical public health intervention repeatedly forwarded by some promoters of the practice.5 In my view, this is a parody of the ethical 1 Independent Forensic Ecologist, Cumbria UK. Contact Tel +44 1229 885420
Email maverick65@tiscali.co.uk 2 Balog D. Fluoridation of Public Water Systems: Valid Exercise of State Police Power or Constitutional Violation? Pace environmental Law Review, 1997. http://www.fluoridation.com/legal.htm 3 Cross DW and Carton RJ. Fluoridation: A Violation of Medical Ethics and Human Rights.
Int J Occup Environ Health 2003;9:24–29 http://www.fluoridealert.org/carton-cross.pdf 4 Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Public health: ethical issues. ISBN 978-1-904384-17-5, November 2007 http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/Public_health_-_ethical_issues.pdf
5 Harris J. The ethics of fluoridation. 1989. British Fluoridation Society web site.
http://www.bfsweb.org/facts/ethics/ethicsharris.htm principles with which modern States are expected to comply, and has no foundation in either democratic codes of behaviour or in law.
2. Prohibition on criminal assault.
Regardless of the specific ethical issues raised by fluoridation, there are robustly established legalprohibitions on actions that cause damage to individuals. Under virtually all criminal codes, nonconsensual or unlicensed medical interventions against the individual are regarded as medical assault.
In English law such acts have been expressly forbidden since 1862, when the administration of any poisonous or noxious substance was proscribed under the Offences Against the Person Act.
With respect to the central issue in the fluoridation debate, that of the need for consent to be exposed to this product, this Act does not specify that consent to the administration of such a substance should be regarded as a mitigating factor - giving a person a poisonous substance is quite simply prohibited.
Sunday, June 27, 2010
Fewer Demography Depopulation Shape Future
EXCERPT:
What starts off as a persuasive statistical analysis dwindles into demagoguery in Wattenberg’s latest demographic exploration. Wattenberg (The Real America; The Birth Dearth), expanding on previous work, offers a detailed breakdown of trends toward global depopulation. The previous population projections, he considers, grossly overestimated peak population numbers, and even current U.N. projections, he says, tend toward the high side. The discrepancies are due to dramatically decreasing fertility rates throughout the world, he argues, making population growth rate much slower than anticipated. He predicts that after peaking in the next decades, the rate will drop sharply.
Fluorspar from China
EXCERPT:
That means the U.S. is 100% dependent on imports for its fluorspar - particularly from China.
Fluorspar's history
EXCERPT:
Approximately 5,000 pieces of fluorspar and other minerals are on display at the Ben E. Clement Mineral Museum in Crittenden County. Clement was born September 6, 1891, and graduated from Vanderbilt in 1915 with a B. S. degree in science. From 1920 until his death in 1980, he accumulated what has become known as the finest and largest collection of fluorite in the world. A museum was opened in 1992 in the old Crittenden County Elementary School annex, next to Fohs Hall in Marion, Kentucky, where Ronnie Stubblefield serves as curator.
Fluorspar
EXCERPT:
Fluorspar
Statistics and Information
Publications Contacts Subscribe
Fluorspar is used directly or indirectly to manufacture products such as aluminum, gasoline, insulating foams, refrigerants, steel, and uranium fuel. All domestic sources of fluorspar are derived from sales of material from the National Defense Stockpile and from a small amount of synthetic fluorspar produced from industrial waste streams. Byproduct fluorosilicic acid production from some phosphoric acid producers supplements fluorspar as a domestic source of fluorine, but is not included in fluorspar production or consumption calculations.
Halogens
EXCERPT:
Synthesized: Prepared by scientists in a laboratory; not a naturally occurring process.
Because it is so reactive, fluorine itself has few uses. One exception is its role as an oxidizing (burning) agent in rocket fuels. The vast majority of fluorine, however, is used to make compounds. One of the most interesting of those compounds is hydrofluoric acid. This compound has been used since the 1600s to etch glass.
Read more: Halogens - humans, body, used, water, process, Earth, life, plants, chemical, form, energy, reaction, gas, animals, system, carbon, parts, effects, cause http://www.scienceclarified.com/Ga-He/Halogens.html#ixzz0s5TeLaIP
Skin is the largest organ of the human body
EXCERPT:
A Quick View of Our Skin and What it Does
The skin is the largest organ of the human body. In the average adult it covers about 3000 square inches and weighs around six pounds, which is nearly twice the weight of the human brain or liver. The skin receives
about one third of the blood that circulates through the body. It’s rugged, flexible and practically waterproof. The skin can regenerate and repair itself under most conditions. The skin also helps in the dissipation of sweat. The skin and its appendages are known as the integumentary system.
It provides protection, thermoregulation, sensation, and allows secretion. The skin is made up of two main layers called the epidermis and the dermis. It also has a number of appendages like hair, nails and sweat glands.
Frequently asked questions about fluoride
EXCERPT:
)Return to top)
If I take a shower with fluoridated water, will the fluoride enter through my skin?
There is anecdotal evidence indicating that some people may experience adverse skin reactions from showering in fluoridated water. However, there is very little information in the published scientific literature to document this concern. There is also very little published research documenting if, and to what extent, fluoridated water may pass through the skin and enter the bloodstream. The tests that would be needed to determine this would be simple to do. However, as with other important issues related to fluoride and health, these tests have yet to be done.
I found the following and altho it's OT, I thought it was worthy of posting. It shows the Bush family owns almost 10% of Chevron.
Pennzoil, George Bush, and Chevron
EXCERPT:
PENNZOIL
Pennzoil Place, PO Box 2967, Houston TX 77252-2967
telephone 713-546-4000
fax 713-5466-7591
Created in 1963 from the merger of South Penn Oil of Pennsylvania and George Bush's Zapata Oil. In the 1980s, Pennzoil tried to buy Getty Oil, but Texaco got it instead; Pennzoil was awarded $3 billion, and turned around and purchased almost ten percent of Chevron. A third of Pennzoil's 1990 income was from oil and gas (drilling in 13 states and offshore and in 4 other countries); 15 percent from sulphur (mining in Culberson County TX; processing in Galveston TX and Antwerp, Belgium), and 15 percent from automotive products. Its Richland Development division has land in Colorado and New Mexico and gold and silver in Borneo, Indonesia. Owns Jiffy Lube shops and Purolator (Hoover's Handbook of American Business 1992).
Pennzoil planned to develop an oil field in western Siberia (Los Angeles Times, Dec. 24, 1991, p. D2).
EXCERPT:
What starts off as a persuasive statistical analysis dwindles into demagoguery in Wattenberg’s latest demographic exploration. Wattenberg (The Real America; The Birth Dearth), expanding on previous work, offers a detailed breakdown of trends toward global depopulation. The previous population projections, he considers, grossly overestimated peak population numbers, and even current U.N. projections, he says, tend toward the high side. The discrepancies are due to dramatically decreasing fertility rates throughout the world, he argues, making population growth rate much slower than anticipated. He predicts that after peaking in the next decades, the rate will drop sharply.
Fluorspar from China
EXCERPT:
That means the U.S. is 100% dependent on imports for its fluorspar - particularly from China.
Fluorspar's history
EXCERPT:
Approximately 5,000 pieces of fluorspar and other minerals are on display at the Ben E. Clement Mineral Museum in Crittenden County. Clement was born September 6, 1891, and graduated from Vanderbilt in 1915 with a B. S. degree in science. From 1920 until his death in 1980, he accumulated what has become known as the finest and largest collection of fluorite in the world. A museum was opened in 1992 in the old Crittenden County Elementary School annex, next to Fohs Hall in Marion, Kentucky, where Ronnie Stubblefield serves as curator.
Fluorspar
EXCERPT:
Fluorspar
Statistics and Information
Publications Contacts Subscribe
Fluorspar is used directly or indirectly to manufacture products such as aluminum, gasoline, insulating foams, refrigerants, steel, and uranium fuel. All domestic sources of fluorspar are derived from sales of material from the National Defense Stockpile and from a small amount of synthetic fluorspar produced from industrial waste streams. Byproduct fluorosilicic acid production from some phosphoric acid producers supplements fluorspar as a domestic source of fluorine, but is not included in fluorspar production or consumption calculations.
Halogens
EXCERPT:
Synthesized: Prepared by scientists in a laboratory; not a naturally occurring process.
Because it is so reactive, fluorine itself has few uses. One exception is its role as an oxidizing (burning) agent in rocket fuels. The vast majority of fluorine, however, is used to make compounds. One of the most interesting of those compounds is hydrofluoric acid. This compound has been used since the 1600s to etch glass.
Read more: Halogens - humans, body, used, water, process, Earth, life, plants, chemical, form, energy, reaction, gas, animals, system, carbon, parts, effects, cause http://www.scienceclarified.com/Ga-He/Halogens.html#ixzz0s5TeLaIP
Skin is the largest organ of the human body
EXCERPT:
A Quick View of Our Skin and What it Does
The skin is the largest organ of the human body. In the average adult it covers about 3000 square inches and weighs around six pounds, which is nearly twice the weight of the human brain or liver. The skin receives
about one third of the blood that circulates through the body. It’s rugged, flexible and practically waterproof. The skin can regenerate and repair itself under most conditions. The skin also helps in the dissipation of sweat. The skin and its appendages are known as the integumentary system.
It provides protection, thermoregulation, sensation, and allows secretion. The skin is made up of two main layers called the epidermis and the dermis. It also has a number of appendages like hair, nails and sweat glands.
Frequently asked questions about fluoride
EXCERPT:
)Return to top)
If I take a shower with fluoridated water, will the fluoride enter through my skin?
There is anecdotal evidence indicating that some people may experience adverse skin reactions from showering in fluoridated water. However, there is very little information in the published scientific literature to document this concern. There is also very little published research documenting if, and to what extent, fluoridated water may pass through the skin and enter the bloodstream. The tests that would be needed to determine this would be simple to do. However, as with other important issues related to fluoride and health, these tests have yet to be done.
I found the following and altho it's OT, I thought it was worthy of posting. It shows the Bush family owns almost 10% of Chevron.
Pennzoil, George Bush, and Chevron
EXCERPT:
PENNZOIL
Pennzoil Place, PO Box 2967, Houston TX 77252-2967
telephone 713-546-4000
fax 713-5466-7591
Created in 1963 from the merger of South Penn Oil of Pennsylvania and George Bush's Zapata Oil. In the 1980s, Pennzoil tried to buy Getty Oil, but Texaco got it instead; Pennzoil was awarded $3 billion, and turned around and purchased almost ten percent of Chevron. A third of Pennzoil's 1990 income was from oil and gas (drilling in 13 states and offshore and in 4 other countries); 15 percent from sulphur (mining in Culberson County TX; processing in Galveston TX and Antwerp, Belgium), and 15 percent from automotive products. Its Richland Development division has land in Colorado and New Mexico and gold and silver in Borneo, Indonesia. Owns Jiffy Lube shops and Purolator (Hoover's Handbook of American Business 1992).
Pennzoil planned to develop an oil field in western Siberia (Los Angeles Times, Dec. 24, 1991, p. D2).
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